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Mein Kampf
This is a book written by Hitler, he set forth the basic beliefs of
Nazism that became the plan of action for the Nazi Party. He wanted to expand Germany and enforce racial "purification." -
Benito Mussolini's fascist government in Italy
Why he was successful in gaining power: The middle and upper class wanted strong leadership b/c of the strikes caused by inflation and unemployment, some communist-led.
What events led to their power: He was a good speaker and played on the fear of economic collapse and communism.
Gov type they set up and result: He wanted a fascist government that stressed nationalism, he crushed opposition and made Italy a totalitarian state. -
Joseph Stalin's totalitarian government in the Soviet Union
Stalin modelled after a communist states: agriculture and farming let the economy, and there were no public farmas, all were owned by the government. Stalin set up a "5-year plan." They became the 2nd largest industrial power, being behind the US. He also killed anyone who threatened his power: killing around 8-13 million people. He made a totalitarian state: where the government tries to exert total control over the citizens. The people have no rights and the government suppresses opposition. -
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
The japanese military had a surprise attack and seized Manchuria, the province of China. In a few months, they controlled all of Manchuria which was rich with natural resources and twice the size of Texas. The League of Nations investigated but Japan quit so they can't do anything. -
Storm troopers
Hitler's private army, aka the Brown Shirts. Many men were desperate for a job and joined. -
Third Reich
After Hitler dismantled the Weimar Republic, he created the Third Reich, Third German Empire, and Hitler said it would last for a thousand years. -
Hitter invades the Rhineland
Hitler brought Germany out
of the League in 1933. In 1935, in defiance of the Versailles Treaty, he began a military build-up. A year later, as a
result
of
the
Versailles
Treaty,
he
sent
troops
to
the
Rhineland,
a
German
territory
bordering
France
and
Belgium. -
Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany
Why he was successful: B/c of the war debts and loans to America, and 6 million Germans were unemployed so they joined Hitler's private party. They were desperate.
Events that led to their power: Hitler was appointed chancellor (prime minister). Once in power, he disassembled the Weimar Republic.
Hitler quickly dismantled Germany’s democratic Weimar Republic.
Gov setup & result: It was fascist and extreme nationalism -
Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia
Mussolini started building his new Roman Empire, and his first target was Ethiopia, one of the few African independent nations.By the fall of 1935, thousands of Italian soldier were ready to take over Ethiopia. The League of Nations didn’t do much and in 1936, Ethiopia fell and the emperor, Hail Selassie, asked the League for help but they didn’t do anything. -
Hitler invades the Rhineland
Hitter pulled Germany from the League in 1933. In 1935, in defiance of the Treaty, he started military buildups. A year later, as a result of the ToV, he sent troops to the Rhineland, a German region bordering France and Belgium. -
Francisco Franco
Francisco led a group of Spanish army officers to rebel against the Spanish Republic. Spain filled with Revolts and the Spanish Civil War begun. It inspired 3,000 American to form the Abe. Lincoln Battalion and fight against Franco. African Americans also came to fight, all this against fascism. The US remained neutral, though. -
Hitler's Anschluss
Austria was Hitler's first target, and because 6 million were German who supported unification with Germany, on March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Austria unopposed. The next day, Hitler said the Anschluss (union) with Austria was complete. The US and the rest of the nations didn't do anything. -
Munich Agreement
Hitler turned to Czech for more living space and more natural resources.German-speaking people lived in western border regions of Czechs called Sudetenland. Hitler began to lie that Czechs were harming the Sudeten Germans sent troops over. Both France and Great Britain promise to protect Czechoslovakia, but Hitler had them meet in Munich to sign the Munich agreement. Hitler said this would be the last territory, and to avoid war, they signed it. German was given Sudetenland. -
Rome-Berlin Axis
The Soviet Union sent Franco equipment and advisors, Hitler and Mussolini sent weapons and troops in support of Franco. In result, the German and Italian dictators had a closed relationship and formed an alliance called Rome-Berlin Axis. Franco won the war in 1939. -
Hitler's invasion of Denmark and Norway
French and British troops on the Maginot Line, a system of forts built along France’s eastern border, and stared at Germany waiting for something to occur. On the Siegfried Line, German troops stared back. Because of the Blitzkrieg, the Germans began to call this the sitzkrieg (“sitting war”), and newspapers referred to this as the phony war. -
Blitzkrieg
Germany first practiced this fighting technique on Poland. It's lightening war, where they use military advances in technology, like fast tank and powerful aircrafts. They take the enemy by surprise and crush them by force. -
Nonaggression Pact
Poland was east of the Soviet Union and was protected by France and Britain, and to prevent a two front war like in WWI, Hitler had Stalin sign the nonaggression pact. They used to be enemies, but now they can never attack each other. They also signed a secret pact to divide Poland between them. -
Britain and France declare war on Germany
Two days after the terror in Poland, Great Britain and France call war on Germany. -
Germany and Italy's invasion of France
With tanks, the Germans passed through, Ardennes (wooded ravines) and totally avoided French and British troops who thought it was impassable. They went towards Paris. They captured 400,000 French and British troops going to escape at Dunkirk. Luckily, 330,000 escaped by fishers, river boats and tugboats. A few days later, Italy entered the war on the side of Germany and invaded France from the south and Germany from the North. -
Hitler's invasion of the Netherlands
Hitler launched a surprise invasion of Denmark and Norway because he wanted to "protect' their freedom. Really, Hitler wanted to build bases at the coast to strike Great Britain. After, Hitler turned on the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, which were overrun at the end of May. This marks the end of the phony war. -
Marshal Philippe Petain
Germans would occupy the north of France while Marshal Philippe Pétain would set up a Nazi government in Vichy in the south of France. -
The Battle of Britain
The Germans set an invasion fleet at the French coast, and b/c they can't defeat Britain's naval fleet, they launched an air war at the same time.The Luftwaffe began to bomb Britain, Germany's goal was to gain control over the skies before Britain's Royal Air Force did. Hitler had 2,600 planes, and for 2 months every night, London would be bombed. British fought back hard and had a radar, so they can see at night; they took down 26 German planes. 6 weeks later, Hitler stopped invading Britain. -
Lend-Lease Act
Britain ran out money to spend on the arsenal of democracy, so Roosevelt decided to help with this act, which lends arms are supplies to any country whose help was vital for the US. He compared this to a neighbors home being on fire you and you lending a hose. Isolationists didn't like this, but a lot of Americans did. Passed in Congress March 1941 -
Pearl Harbor attack
The largest U.S. naval base in the Pacific was attacked. For an hour and a half, 180 Japanese planes blasted target after target and were barely attacked by US planes. It ended at 9;30 AM, and left 2,403 Americans dead and wounded 1,178 more. 21 ships, including 8 battleships were sunk or damaged (nearly
the whole U.S. Pacific fleet). 300 aircrafts were destroyed but luckily, three made it out and it served important to the war. (The damages were greater than that of WWI). -
Battle of Stalingrad
Hitler planned to destroy the major industrial center, Stalingrad. The Germans were confident this would be an easy victory. The Luftwaffe set for a nightly raid, & nearly all buildings were on fire. Stalin demanded that the soldiers protect the city, & when it was winter, the Soviets surrounded the Germans in Stalingrad. Germans had no supplies and were freezing, they surrendered Jan, 1943. 1,100,000 Soviets died but this was a sig. turning point for the Society, for they moves west to Germany. -
Internment
This was the confinement of 1,444 Japanese Americans, 1 percent of Hawaii’s Japanese-American population. Americans feared that Japanese Americans were planning to sabotage them, and the government decided to evacuate the Japanese Americans. But, the military governor of Hawaii resisted the order because 37 percent of the people in Hawaii were Japanese Americans and that would destroy the economy., so they did internment instead. -
Manhattan Project
Roosevelt created the OSRD to bring scientists into the war effort. They created medicine for the soldiers such as to prevent body lice and penicillin.They also secretly made the atomic bomb, by splitting a uranium atom, it released a lot of energy. Einstein warned Roosevelt that that Germany could use this to cause destruction if they found out. So Roosevelt made a new committee; Manhattan Project became the code name for research work that extended
across the country.. -
Office of Price Administration
Because the war effort took so many supplies, prices for goods were increasing. Roosevelt made OPA to freeze the price and extended taxes on millions. They also encouraged people to buy war bonds. The inflation was below 30% the whole time, half of that of WWI. -
War Production Board
The government needed to ensure that the armed forces and war industries received the resources they needed to win the war. They had companies go to wartime production and turned trash into admenities for soldiers. -
Battle of the Atlantic
After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hitler ordered submarine raids against ships along America’s east coast. The Germans wanted to stop materials from reaching G. Britain or the Soviets. Britain relied on shipping, and Germany knew this would defeat them. Germany wiped out 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic 7 months into 1942. the allies made convoys, fleets of ships, and used radars (from planes) and sonars. The Allies won the battle. -
Women's Auxiliary Army Corps
Under this bill, women volunteers would serve in noncombat positions. The need for soldiers in the workforce was so great, the Army Chief in Staff general pushed for this bill. It passed in May 15, 1942. -
U.S convoy system
The Allies Organized their cargo ships into convoys. Convoys
were groups of ships traveling together for mutual protection, as they had done in WWI. The convoys were escorted across the Atlantic by destroyers equipped with sonar for detecting submarines underwater. they also had airplanes come that used radar to spot U-boats on the ocean’s surface. Germany faces unbearable amounts of ship loss. -
Operation Torch
Stalin pressed Britain and America to open a “second front” in West Europe. He said going across the English Channel would force Hitler to divert troops from the Soviet front, but Churchill & Roosevelt didn't think they had enough troops. Instead, they made Operation Torch, an invasion of Axis-controlled N. Africa, commanded by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Afrika Korps surrendered after heavy fighting. -
Unconditional surrender
Before the Battle of North America was won, Roosevelt and Churchill decided that the axis powers can only unconditionally surrender. That is, enemy nations (Axis powers) would have to accept whatever terms of peace the Allies dictated. -
Korematsu v. United States
Japanese Americans took the injustices to court. In 1944, the Supreme Court decided, in Korematsu v. United States, that the government’s policy of evacuating Japanese Americans to camps was for military necessity. However,the Japanese American Citizens League was created and y 1978, each japanese who was sent to internment or a camp got reparations (Reagan signed a bill promising each $20,000) . -
Bloody Anzio
This was one of the Allies hardest battles, and only fought 40 miles from Rome. Hitler wanted to bring the battle on Italy's soil, not Germanys'. "Bloody Anzio" lasted four months (up to May 1944), and resulted in 30,000 Axis deaths, and 25,000 Allie deaths. Germany was strong, however, they lost at 1945, once Germany itself was close to falling. -
The Battle of the Buldge
Americans captured their first German town, Aachen, but Hitler ordered his troops to go through and capture the port of Antwerp in Belgium. he hoped to demoralize the Allies. The Germans broke the defense with 8 German tanks and wanted to slip the troops. They captured 120 GI's and killed them. In a month, the Germans were pushed back and lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and assault guns, and 1,600 planes. This is unreplaceable, all the Germans can do is retreat. -
D-Day
Allies ent Eisenhower and his port a message to attack the French port of Calais—150 miles away. The Germans intercepted it so Hitler put a large army at Calais. It started at June 6, 1944, where three divisions parachuted down behind German lines, and thousands of men in the early morning came from sea. This was the largest land-sea-air operation in history. Omaha Beach was a very brutal battle, but on August 25, the French and American troops liberated France. -
Harry S. Truman
President Roosevelt did not live to see V-E Day. He was posing for a portrait on April 12, 1945, in Georgia, and the president had a stroke and died. That night, the VP Harry S. Truman became the nation’s 33rd president. -
Death of Hitler
The Soviet army stormed Berlin and hung and shot any soldiers, all who were running away. Hitler and his wife hid in an underground bunker and killed themselves. They blamed the start of war on the Jews and also blamed the generals for losing. -
V-E Day
After a week, General Eisenhower had the unconditional surrender of the Third Reich. The Allies Celebrated V-E Day, Victory in Europe day. The war in Europe was over!
