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Says the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases pertaining to writs of mandamus (increasing the court's power outside what was explicit in the constitution), ruled unconstitutional by Marbury v. Madison -
Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin -
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Thomas Jefferson beats John Adams -
John Adam's appoints16 new circuit judges and 42 new justices of the peace before Thomas Jefferson takes office after Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 180, which created new courts, added judges, and gave the president more control over appointment of judges. -
Justice John Marshall establishes Judicial Review -
Thomas Jefferson makes the Louisiana Purchase from France -
Andrew Jackson becomes President -
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Slavery is illegal in the United States -
Granted citizenship to all persons "born or naturalized in the United States," including formerly enslaved people, and provided all citizens with “equal protection under the laws,” and applied the Bill of Rights to the states. -
All men age 21 or older can vote -
Rutherford B Hayes becomes President in exchange for the removal of Northern troops from the South, ending the Reconstruction attempt -
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Set the precedent for separate but equal, legalizing segregation -
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Black Americans banded together to secure the rights guaranteed by the Constitution and to seek equality and redress for their justified grievances. -
Millions of Blacks responded to Jim Crow conditions—and the lure of better economic opportunities elsewhere—by fleeing the South (often in violation of local curfews and anti-migration laws).
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A white man who bailed black men out of jail and forced them to work on his farm to pay the fines was killed. A Lynch mob ensued. No charges were ever brought against those who killed Mary Turner, eight months pregnant. -
Poets and authors like Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen; musicians including Count Basie and Duke Ellington; intellectuals like W.E.B. Du Bois, Gwendolyn B. Bennett, and Alain Locke; painter Aaron Douglas and sculptor Augusta Savage inspired a rising Black consciousness and changed American culture writ large.
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A mob composed of whites, including law enforcement and members of the National Guard, attacked the Black citizens of Greenwood, the richest Black neighborhood in the country. Over the course of two days, the mob destroyed “Black Wall Street” -
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Pittsburgh Courier named the campaign and described its aims: “We, as colored Americans . . . have adopted the Double ‘V’ war cry—victory over our enemies at home and victory over our enemies on the battlefields abroad. Thus in our fight for freedom we wage a two-pronged attack against our enslavers at home and those abroad who will enslave us.” -
U.S enters WWII -
Jackie Robinson broke the racial color barrier in major league baseball in 1947 -
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President Truman -
a group of black professionals led by JoAnn Robinson, an Alabama State College professor, that played a major role in organizing, publicizing, and supporting the Montgomery bus boycott. -
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Overturned the precedent of Plessy v Ferguson, ruling that separate is inherently unequal -
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Rosa Parks, secretary of the local branch of the NAACP, was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on the bus -
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Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. -
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The bill prohibited all forms of Jim Crow laws designed to regulate the private and public lives of Black citizens. -
Protected the right to register and the right to vote. -
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The BPP offered a mix of black nationalism, Marxism, and militarism, and provided community services such as health clinics and free breakfasts for school children and others in need. -
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more than one hundred uprisings with varying levels of destruction from coast to coast. -
