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Lucy was a hominid that was discovered in East Africa. They walked upright.
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Homo habilis means "man of skill." Discovered in East Africa. Used these tools to cut meat and crack open bones. Tools made the task of survival easier.
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Also known as the Old Stone Age.
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Homo erectus means "upright man." Also discovered in East Africa. People used intelligence to develop technology ways of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs.
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Found in Europe and Southwest Asia. They were the first to have ritual burials.
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Also known as the New Stone Age
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Cro-magnons emerged. Their skeletal structures are smilar to modern humans.
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The village had a population of 5,000 to 6,000 people. It had an advanced way of life. The houses were built rectangularly, well produced crops, and a surplus of resources.
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The Cro-Magnons acheive the modern human look. Along with the physical appearance, they also advance in agriculture, technology and creative abilities.
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The hunter and gatherer lifestyle was manifested. Men hunted while women gathered.
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Villages across the world from India, China, Peru, Mexico and Central America continue to expand and flourish.
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The domestication of animals such as sheep and goats have been found in the mountains of Hindu Kush.
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Farming villages in Egypt emerge
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During this period, sails were first used on ships for transportation.
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People in Sumer began melting copper and tin and to their surprise, it created bronze.
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Over the years, populations grew and expanded, thus leading to villages becoming cities.
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Farming villages in along the Indus River were founded during this time period.
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The villages were split up into separate kingdoms. Lower and upper Egypt.
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The creation of hieroglyphic writing was invented in Egypt.
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King Menes united upper and lower Egypt and became the first pharoah.
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Trade was being established throughout Palestine and Nubia.
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The cities were surrounded and controlled by its own leader. Each city-state was its own country.
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A king by the name of Narmer was present during the unification of the lower and upper Egypt. Evidence of this is proven through a carved piece of slate known as the Narmer Palette.
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The Minoans lived on an island of Greece called Crete. They created a sophisticated civilization that had lots of power throughout the Mediterranean world.
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The step pyramids were built during the reign of the Pharaoh Zoser.
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The Bronze Age begins. People started to use bronze instead of copper and stone. Cultural diffusion arose all over the Fertile Crescent. New kinds of people with different cultures settled in the area.
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Through the process of cultural diffusion, new cities began to emerge
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During this time period, mummification was introduced in Egyptian culture as well as the beginnings of planned cities in Indus Valley
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Sumerian city-states became controlled under dynasties. Families ruled for years.
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Sargon led his army in Sumer and defeated its soldiers. His conquest spread far beyond the Tigris and Euphrates Valley. He created the first empire
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Soon the Egyptian kingdoms began to divide into smaller and smaller kingdoms.
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The Pharaoh, Mentuhotep II, reuinted Egypt.
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Due to constant warfare amongst one another, Sumerian city-states weakened but did not lose their civilization.
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Nomadic warriors invaded Mesopotamia. A new leader named Hammurabi helped Mesopotamia reach its peak.
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The Mycenaeans were another group of people that lived in Greece. Their city could withstand almost any attacks. A warrior king ruled the villages and farms surrounding Mycenae; the capital.
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Chinese settlers began creating the first civilizations along the Huang He river. These settlements turned into villages and soon into dynasties.
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Hammurabi created a code of law for the Babylonian Empire. His code of law unified the diverse groups within the land.
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The Shang Dynasty was the first family of Chinese rulers to leave actual written records. They built strategic palaces and graves that were uncovered by archaeologists.
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Egypt was invaded by Hyksos from Palestine. Also, horse drawn chariots and the use of iron was introduced into Egypt.
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Strong rulers controlled most of Greece's bigger cities such as Tiryns and Athens. These rulers' reign lasted for about 500 years.
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Thutmes I expanded Egyptian empire and conquered parts of Nubia, Palestine, and Syria. The spead Egyptian influence throughout the land and caused cultural diffusion to expand.
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Queen Hatshepsut expanded Egyptian trade and culture during her reign as the first pharaoh of Egypt.
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During the reign of Akhnaton III and Queen Nefertiti, the belief in one god, Aton, was spread throughout Egypt.
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A boy king by the name of Tutankhamen became pharaoh of Egypt.
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During the reign of Ramses II, the building of temples started.
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Mycenaeans fought a decade long battle against the city of Troy in Anatolia. The Greek army destroyed and secretly invaded Troy because a Trojan prince kidnapped the wife of a Greek king.
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The Mycenaeans soon fell under the rule of the Dorians. They were far less advanced than the Mycenaeans and the Greek culture came to a decline during this age.
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The Zhou Dynasty overthrew the Shang. Due to adopting the culture of the Shang dynasty, the Zhou did not establish anything new in terms of cultural change.
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The Zhou empire was peaceful and stable but they weakened and the monarch was killed.
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Nomads invaded China and killed the monarch of the Zhou Dynasty. A few members survived and set up a new capital at Luoyang.
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More Egyptian conquerers ruled Egypt, such as the Nubians.
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A polis of city-state was created in Greece. There were up to 10,000 residents in each city-state and they controlled between 50 to 500 square miles of territory.
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Sparta conquers the neighboring of Messenian and turn them into helots; peasants forced to stay on the land they work on.
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The helots were tired of being used as slaves so they decided to rebel against the Spartan control. The Spartans put the helots down but almost lost. This made Sparta decide to become an all powerful military city-state.
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A nobleman by the name of Darco took power and began to develop a legal system that placed all people, wealthy or poor, under equal law.
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After the revolt of the helots, Spartans decided to turn into a strong city-state. Their values consisted of duty, strength, and discipline.
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Another ruler name Solon outlawed slavery and organized four social classes for the people of Athens. However, anyone could join office and participate in public meetings.
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China's most influential scholar, Confucius, was born during the end of the reign of the Zhou Dynasty. He studied and taught history, music and the basics of morality.
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This ruler introduced a new social class. He broke up the power of the nobles and organized people into ten groups based on their financial status and environmental status. He also increased power in assemblies and allowed free debate and passage.
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A war struck between Greece and the Persian Empire. The war started in Ionia, where most of the Persians dominated. Ionian Greeks soon revolted and with the help of the Athenian Navy, they were determined to thwart the Persians. Darius the Great crused the rebels and swore revenge on Athens.
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A Persian militia carried 25,000 soldiers across the Aegean Sea and fought against a fleet of 10,000 Athenian soldiers. The Persians lost more than 6,000 men and the Athenians lost fewer than 200.
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The son of Darius the Great, Xerxes, assembled an army of Persian men to invade Athens. Some city-states joined Athens while others thought it was wise to not get involved. When the Persians arrived on Thermopylae, there were 300 Spartans and 1700 Athenians. The Greeks stopped them for three days until a traitor informed the Persians about a secret route. The Spartans held them off while the Greeks retreated and all of them died.
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Xerxes faced another defeat in the Battle of Plataea. After this victory for the Greeks, the Delian League was created.
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During this time period, the ruler Pericles had a plan to advance Athens. His goals were to strengthen Athenian democracy, to hold and strengthen the empire and glorify Athens,
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The Plebians force the Patricians to have written laws. The laws were up for display in the town square. Patrician judges were not able to input their opinions.
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Tension grew between Athens and Sparta. Athens focused on beautifying its city-state. Sparta saw this as a cover for Athens trying to become a dominant city-state in Greece.
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A truce was finally brought in and both Sparta and Athens accepted. After Athens experienced a plague that wiped a majority of the city, the two sides realized that they have had enough.
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The peace treaty did not last long enough. Within 6 years, Sparta received another attack after Athens sent a fleet of soldiers carrying more than 20,000 soldiers. They planned to destroy Sparta's richest city, Syracuse.
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Three years later, Sparta won against Athens.
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An age of philosophy swept throughout Greece. A man by the name of Socrates, questioned the aspects of life, creation of the universe and morality. He was put to death for "corrupting the youth of Athens."
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A student of Socrates, Plato, recorded conversations he had with his teacher and began questioning things. His most famous work is "The Republic", which talks about the idealogical form of government and society.
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Phillip II was a ruler of Macedonia and a ruthless politician. He trained peasants into a professional army. After this conquest, he was on to his next, invading Greece.
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Another philosopher by the name of Aristotle, questioned human belief, laws of nature, and knowledge. He was also known as a scientist, and some of his methods are used in modern science. He was also the teacher of one of the greatest leaders in all of history; Alexander the Great.
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Phillip II gathered his men and marched towards Athens. Demosthenes urged the city-states to unite and fight together but neither one of them could agree on an approach. It was already too late, the Macedonians defeated the Greeks. The city-states remained to be their own government though.
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Phillip II planned on invading Persia, but he was assassinated on his daughter's wedding and his son; Alexander the Great was next in line to the throne.
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Alexander the Great decided to avenge his father by invading Persia. He marched 35,000 soldiers across Hellespnt and into Anatolia. He crushed the Persian army but King Darius III fled out of fear.
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After the terrifying retreat, Darius III wanted to negotiate a treaty but Alexander the Great rejected his offer. Alexander the Great then marched his men into Egypt and was welcomed there as a liberator by the Egyptians. They even named a city after him.
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Alexander marched towards Indus Valley and crushed the Indian army. He wanted to keep moving but his soldiers were begging him to stop, after 11 years of fighting, Alexander was bitterly disappointed and turned back to go home.
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Alexander reached Babylon and announced his plan to unify the empire. He wanted to construct new roads and ways of transport and conquer Arabia. To his dismay, he became ill of a fever and died a couple days later at the age of 32.
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After the death of Alexander the Great, he left a legacy. His legacy was the Hellenstic culture. Trade became more advanced. Traditions and customs existed in the city of Alexandria from Egypt and the Aegean Sea. Science flourished, astronomers found the actualy size of the Sun. Mathematics became more advanced. But all of that soon came to a decline and the city of Rome was created.
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During Constantine's reign as emperor, order is restored. He continues the Diocletian's policies of state control over societry and turns the empire to Christianity and builds a new capital; Constantinople.
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Diocletian reigns from the throne along with his vice ruler. This jump starts a civil war.
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In the Roman culture, the male figure was the most important priority. The fathers or sons had all of the power over the family. Women were not allowed to do anything without permission from her husband or father. But they could however inherit property if they were on a higher social class. The Romans adopted many of the Greek mythological beliefs. They did not limit their beliefs to only a few gods.
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Diocletian takes power of the empire and turns it into an absolute monarchy. He placed himself above everyone in the empire.