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Issued bull which forbade lay taxation of the clergy with prior papal approval, angering Phillip the Fair of France.
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Issued by Boniface VIII; declared papal authority over sovereign rulers.
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Decided by Pope Clement V; Clement V wanted to escape a Rome ridden with strife, and to avoid pressure from Philip of France. Here began the sale of indulgences and the idea of purgatory.
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Italian poet, "Father of the Italian language“, Divine Comedy.
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A series of wars waged between the House of Valois (France )and the House of Plantagenate (England, Edward III starting the war; Henry V), for France's throne. The House of Valois was the victor.
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Bubonic Plague. Carried by fleas on black rats which were brought by Asian merchant ships, killing 25 to 40 percent of Europe’s population.
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composed of 100 vulgar tales told by three men and seven women in a country retreat from the plague that ravaged Florence in 1348; both a stringing social commentary
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Several bloody peasant rebellions in France that started because of the heavy taxes.
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Gregory XI
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On the basis of the arguments of the conciliarists, cardinals representing both popes convened a council on their own authority in Pisa in 1409, deposed of both the Roman and Avignon popes, and elected a new pope, Alexander V.
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Czech, he supported vernacular translations of the Bible, was critical of traditional ceremonies and practices, particularly those relating the sacrament of the Eucharist, questioned the validity of sacraments performed by priests in moral sin.
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a major English victory in the Hundred Years' War, notable for the use of the English longbow.
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The king’s legitimacy was initially contested by Henry VI of England; won the Hundred Years’ War mainly because of Joan of Arc, but did not protect her from burning as a witch.
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Turning point in the Hundred Years’ War;
Joan of Arc’s first major military victory and first major French success. -
craftsman from Mainz, Germany who developed a printing press that made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply; printed a complete Bible which was the first full-sized book printed with movable type.
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Reconquista; the Battle of Granada followed by the Treaty of Granada, under Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon.
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Missioned to reach Asia through the Atlantic Ocean by the Spanish, never reached Asia, but stepped onto an island in the Caribbean.
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in the pope’s room in Apostolic Palace in Vatican.
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a political guidebook that examines how a ruler can gain power and keep it by suggesting that most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt.
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marched inland to claim new lands for Spain.
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a Dutch proponent of religious toleration, and enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists“. Called for reform within the church while recognizing the papal authority.
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