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1348-1351
Beginning in Italy, and meaning "rebirth", the Renaissance was a time where there was a development of new ideas that went against the norm of society such as the revival of Classical culture, the "perfecting of an individual", secularism, rationalism, and humanism. -
1350-1550
Beginning in Italy, and meaning "rebirth", the Renaissance was a time where there was a development of new ideas that went against the norm of society such as the rivival of Classical culture, the "perfecting of an idividual", secularism, rationalism, and humanism. -
1415-1417
Throughout these years, the Council of Constance met to make critical decisions that would affect the future of the church. At this time, the notion of conciliarism became popular and through the work of this group, the Great Schism ended. However, the Council functioned so that it would be the most powerful of all the church's governing bodies and thus, causing the death of John Hus who was burned at the stake for heresy. -
1450-1600
The Exploration in Europe included the voyages of Columbus, Dias sailing around the tip of Africa, the Portuguese’s seize of Malacca and their arrival in Japan, the Spanish conquest of parts of South America, and the beginning of the Slave Trade. The discovery of a New World in turn led to political and economic advances allowing a growth in Europe. -
The Fall of Constantinople marked the beginning of the Ottoman Empire, which later, proved to be an extremely powerful enemy to much of Europe. The end of the Hundred Years' War also had repercussions such as a newly found sense of nationalism in both counties (England and France), it centralized France, and it showcased advancements weaponry.
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The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg helped increase productivity and literacy in society. More importantly, it helped increase the sharing of new ideas, especially the spread of different religious views.
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The discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus benefited all of Europe because it led to a larger international trading system called the Columbian Exchange. This resulted in the discovery of new foods, new animals, and diseases (for the Native American especially). Meanwhile, the Reconquista in Spain led to all the Muslims being forced out of the country and for all the citizen of Spain to convert to Christianity.
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1500-1599 (16th century)
The Protestant reformation started when Martin Luther wrote a theses condemning the church. The new religion then gained many followers, some of whom, created their own religions with similar beliefs; such as Zwinglianism, Calvinsm and Anabaptism. Catholicism also experienced renewal when new religious orders were brought back, a changed and revived papacy was created, and the Council of Trent was made affirming traditional Catholic doctrines. -
1500-1700
Europe’s three major developmental centuries where there was an immense amount of intellectual venturesomeness. Society became more secularist. During this time Europe came to dominate the world due to its rapid advancements in all aspects of society. -
1500-1599 (16th century)
This was when Europe had a dramatic rise in prices due to the influx of gold and silver that came from the New World. This caused an economic collapse in Spain. -
This theses, created by Martin Luther, started the Protestant Reformations which also caused more religious reforms in the future. This 95 theses was a list of points that condemned the church for being corrupt. This caused many people to see the errors in the actions of the church, especially in indulgences.
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This Spanish conquest led to the spread of diseases such as smallpox and measles, which essentially wiped out the Native Americans. This caused a loss of culture and the beginning of enslavement on the Native Americans.
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1520-1600
Due to the tensions between the two religions, Catholicism and Protestantism, a series of wars including the French Wars of religion, the revolt of the Netherlands against Phillip II of Spain, the Thirty Years' War, and the conflict between Phillip II and Elizabeth of England (which led to the defeat of the Spanish Armada). These conflicts ultimately resulted in the acceptance of Calvinism in France and freedom for the German states to choose their own religion. -
This Act stated that the king of England would be the head of the church for England creating a whole new religion called the Anglican Church. This caused many people to lose faith due to all the conflicts and confusion this brought.
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This changed Geneva into a Christian community where firm regulations were instilled upon the actions of the people. This form of Christianity actually gained popularity and eventually spread to England and France, and became a significant religion in Europe.
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The heliocentric model believed that the sun was the center of the universe. What was normally thought at this time was that the earth was the center of the universe. This new theory went against the church and it was rejected by many.
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1543-1687
This was the new transition from non-secular ideas to secular, rational ideas. There was an increase in skepticism and the work of great philosophers were spreading in this time period. These include Newton, Descartes, and Bacon. -
This group reformed the Catholic church and reaffirmed the doctrines of Catholicism which include the seven sacraments, the role of the papacy as the head of the church, and Latin as the language of the church.
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1550-1650
This was the time period in which the Dutch became the top trading nation of the world and Amsterdam as the financial center of Europe. During this age of prosperity, the Dutch East India Company was founded. -
1550-1650
This is the time in Europe after an economic growth were it fell in to hard times, including more wars, unexpected changes in climate, and more revolts due to food shortages. -
This allowed German princes to choose their own religion. However the only religions available were Catholicism or Lutheranism. Charles V abdicating resulted in the Holy Roman empire being further divided.
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1580-1680
This was when a large amount of people were being accused for being witches. This was due to the new phenomena stating that witches were heretical because they associated with the devil. This placed a great fear for people especially ones that were religious. -
This defeat placed England at the top in Europe in regards to Naval power. This defeat was a result of a conflict between Phillip II of Spain and Elizabeth of England.
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This allowed French Protestants to have religious tolerance, thus creating the first acknowledgement by a European monarchy that two religions were acceptable.
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1600-1750
This was an artistic movement in Europe that hold the belief that to appeal to ones emotions, an artist must use dramatic effects. It also reflected the search for power that was present at the time. -
1600-1799 (17th and 18th century)
During this time, mercantilism and capitalism were key to the economic prosperity of a country. This era was filled with the development of new entrepreneurs and new industries. -
This was a trading company that took over the spice trade in the East Indies from the Portuguese. This group was one reason why the Dutch Republic was so prosperous.
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1603-1689
This was when Charles I was king and he raised his royal standard. This caused the king and the Parliament to be very divided allowing the English Civil war and the Execution of Charles I. Afterwards Oliver Cromwell Became the new leader but he acted like a dictator furthering the oppression on the English people. -
Resulting in the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution in England, stuart monarchs believed that their power is granted to them from God and that they have the right to be the only leader of their state.
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1643-1715
During this time, France was the center of diplomatic exchange due to its absolutist leader, Louis XIV. As a result to of all his extensive and lavish reforms, however, France was in an extremely large debt. -
This peace gave Sweden more land, recognized the United Provinces of Netherlands, established the sovereign authority of the German states, and allowed the practice of Calvinism.
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This was due to the English Civil War where he was against the Parliament. Once he died, Oliver Cromwell became to new leader and, although he promised a commonwealth, the new government was more like a dictatorship.
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1650-1750
This was a growing phenomenon that believed that a ruler has absolute power, along with the “divine right of kings”. One of the most known absolutist, King Luis XIV of France, ruled during this time. -
1650-1763
Commercial Wars were wars based on economics. They were conflicts over resources, trade, and access to resources. -
1650-1763
With the help from its strong leader, Frederick William I, Prussia became an incredibly strong country, especially in regards to its military. -
This book, being extremely advanced in math and science, gave a single mathematical law of universal gravitation, and a mathematical formula describing celestial and terrestrial motion.
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1688-1689
The Glorious Revolution resulted in the Bill of Rights which regulated the power of the English monarchy. Peter the Great modernized Russia and expanded their army. -
1689-1815
When the absolutist, Peter the Great, began rulling Russia, it was a different type of monarchy from anywhere. Russia became the dominant power on the Baltic Sea. -
The Bank of England functioned as the government's accountant and debt-manager. It eventually became a financial center in Europe and affected economic activity in England.
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1700-1799 (18th century)
The rise of the middle class, resulted different levels of people. There was now a middle class with occupations including bankers, merchants, and artisans. Before it had many poor people and very few rich people. -
1700-1799 (18th century)
The Enlightenment brought about famous philosophes such as Diderot, Voltaire, and Montesquieu. It brought new ideas and emphasized reason, natural laws, toleration, and liberty. -
1700-1799 (18th century)
The Agricultural Revolution led to advancements in the way people produce crops. During this time, innovations such as enclosed fields, open field systems, continuous crop rotation, and using manure as fertilizer increased the amount of food in Europe greatly. -
1713-1715
This peace stopped Louis XIV from trying to take over all of Europe. It also granted England land in modern day Canada and it allowed them to provide slaves to the Spanish. When king Louis XIV died, he left France in a huge debt because he used all of the money to pay for his lavish reforms. -
1720-1760
Rococo art was an artistic movement where lightness, charm, and grace was emphasized. It used pastels. -
This was when the French and Prussians fought the English and Austrians. It resulted from the confusion of who would take the throne after the father of Maria Theresa of Austria died.
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1750-1850
This was the transition from human and animal power to mechanical power. The Industrial Revolution brought many new inventions that were created to make the textile, coal, and railroad industries more productive. -
This treaty resulted in some countries, who participated in the war, obtaining land in some way. The British acquired land in Canada and America, France got to keep land, and Prussia kept its possession of Silesia.
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The American Revolution resulted with the thirteen winning their freedom for Britain and Britain losing a large amount of land in the Americas. The "Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith brought up the notion of "laissez-faire" an economical belief that states that the people should have freedom when it comes to how they will make money.
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1789-1848
During this time there were a large amount of civil conflicts creating revolutions all over Europe. These include the French Revolution, the American Revolution, Revolutions in Belgium, and Revolutions in the Austrian Empire. -
The French Revolution, resulting from a number of problems in their society, led to the Legislative Assembly in France. This war failed to give women the right to vote and It also showcased the guillotine.
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1790-1980s
Throughout the era of Feminism, many women and men worked to achieve equality of genders. During this time, many women began to participate in the sciences and look for jobs. Women gradually achieved the right to vote. -
1790s-1914
During this time, people gained a sense of pride for their nation thus allowing the unity of each nation to come together and fix problems. -
Mary Wollstonecraft’s work "Vindication of Rights of Women" attacks the beliefs of Enlightenment intellectuals such as Jean Jacques Rousseau who believe that women cannot participate in matters involving reason and logical thinking.
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Napoleon takes over France when it was already in a crisis. He took out democracy and changed the government of France. The newly free country was no longer free under his rule.
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1800-1850 (First half of the 19th century)
This was an artistic movement in which a freedom of feeling, thought, and action was desired greatly. This movement influenced not just art but religion, music, and philosophy as well. -
Napoleon's Abdication led to France no longer being led by a dictator and it was now free again. The Congress enacted a settlement that created a balance of power in Europe until the German unification.
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1830s-1870s
This time period held the beliefs of natural rights and the role of the government to protect these rights. These natural rights also included civil liberties such as the freedom of assembly, and religion. All this support for natural rights in turn led to the desire for "laissez-faire". -
1830-1831
In the revolution in France Louis Philippe became a "citizen king" and moved to attend to the business of France. Meanwhile, Belgium became a neutral state and Greece became an independent state. -
The revolutions of 1948 created a new age of political transformation. England avoided these revolts through peaceful reforms. "Communist Manifesto" caused people to rethink government. The book spoke of the process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis and argued that women were exploited by men and capitalists.
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1850-1870
These ideas disagreed with Romanticism. They criticize industrial life and emphasize the lives of common people such as workers and peasants. -
1850-1920
This time period includes the discoveries of bacterial revolution, the theory of revolution, mass politics, and women's rights. This all led to a better comprehension of society. -
1850-1914
This was the time period in which much of the other continents besides Europe were being controlled by European countries. All of these European conquests led to intense rivalries between the countries and the destruction of native cultures. -
1850-1914
This was when new inventions were created in the industries of electricity, petroleum, and steel. These inventions then opened the door for more inventions in the industries of communication and transportation. -
1850-1875
This is when new countries were emerging and more nations were now becoming states. -
1850-1899 (Second Half of 19th Century)
During this time there were changes in society as a whole. For example: views on politics and women were changing. Everything now was urbanizing and the population of the world was growing. -
This exhibition allowed Britain to display its immense amount of intellectual people. The exhibition showed the economic, industrial, and military superiority of Great Britain.
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Here, India fell under control of Great Britain. This allowed India to obtain some British culture and infrastructure, and Great Britain to gain resources.
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This was the discovery of the theory of evolution that suggest that humans had evolved from apes. This was a huge deal because it proposed a way for people to have been created that does not necessarily have to do with religious beliefs. It also was parallel to other theories at the time, further supporting its validity.
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This was when Italy had contrasting economic status with Northern Italy (rich) and Southern Italy (poor). Also, Italy was in major debt from unification. Meanwhile, the Russian serfs were emancipated, however, they still could not own land and they were still in oppression.
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1870-1920
This was the time when art was evolving and new techniques were being used such as cubism and impressionism. -
The unification of Germany created a new balance of power in Europe. As Germany industrialized quickly, it became a strong rival to Great Britain. The Third Republic in France did not last very long and while it functioned, much of France was confused.
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1884-1885
The Berlin Conference divided Africa among European countries and it placed rules for all countries to follow in regards to the African territories. -
Through this work by Sigmund Freud, much of what we know about dreams and psychology derived from his studies. He studied and collected research both through clinical and experimental trials.
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Einstein's work was a new perspective on the subjects of motion, time, and space. Meanwhile in Russia, this revolution led to strikes, and massacres demanding for change. This eventually resulted in the election of the Russian Parliament.
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World War I resulted from the search for balance of power. Many countries were making alliances to make sure that one country did not have more power than the rest and thus creating a domino effect once one country is threatened by another.
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1914-1945
The World Wars were critical events that changed history forever. These were times of major conflicts of balances of power and the burden of alliances. The results of these wars were the League of Nations and the United Nations. -
This revolution resulted in Treat of Brest-Litovsk and Russia loosing lots of land and people.
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This treaty did little to end the tensions between the European countries after the war; in fact, it could have contributed to the beginning of World War II. In the treaty, Germany had to sign a war-guilt clause and pay for war damages, France received land back, Austrian-Hungary separated into different countries, and the League of Nations was created.
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1920s-1945
In the efforts to create loyal citizen, totalitarianism controlled the lives of the citizens, and censored information people received. -
During this time, all political parties were condemned and outlawed except for the fascists. Mussolini controlled the corporations in Italy.
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This event was very unexpected because the 1920 were so happy and prosperous but then stock prices dropped and many suffered, This event called for more governmental actions in the economy
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Hitler cunningly persuaded the people of Germany to follow him. Once in power he created a totalitarianist state and controlled what everyone did. He also ruthlessly decides to invade other countries just to conquer them
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This was a conference that discredited the British policy of appeasement and gave Sudetenland to Hitler.
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World War II happened manly because of the actions of Hitler and how he wanted to control all of Europe. During this time, the Holocaust also happened which was a mass murdering of Jews. This whole war resulted in the creation of the United Nations.
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Once America joins the war, Hitler is finally defeated and he commits suicide. This War resulted in the creation of the United Nations, which is an international organization where countries come together to avoid conflicts such as the World Wars.
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1945-present
This was the unification of the European countries after the World Wars. -
1945-1991
This was a conflict between the US and the Soviet Union. It is called the "Cold" War because there were no battles. Much of it was verbal or letters. These international agreements include the Warsaw Pact and NATO, -
This was a supranational organization in which the US, Canada and 26 other countries from Europe and North America, formed an alliance to protect each other.
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This was an alliance not for protection purposes such as NATO, but an alliance for economic benefits. These European countries came together to decide that the transportation of coal and steel between these countries would be tax-free.
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With Khrushchev as the proceeding leader, the death of Joseph Stalin brought up a mixture of emotions in the Soviet Union. In one hand, he was oppressive however people still wept greatly after his death with fear of the future of their country.
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The de-Stalinization speech was incredibly important for the people of the Soviet Union. This speech stated that government was now going to be less oppressive and the future will be peaceful due to the government's new adoption of the belief in peaceful debate and not war. The Hungary-revolt was stopped by the Soviets thus highlighting the limitations of American's power in Eastern Europe.
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The EEC eliminated trade barriers between its members and caused West Europe to be more economically integrated. The launching of Sputnik symbolized the growth of the Soviet Union and its technological advancement compared to the rest of the world.
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With the Fifth Republic of France under DeGaulle, a series of events happened including Algeria becoming independent, Great Britain being denied entry to the EEC, advancements in weaponry in France, and the withdrawal of French troops from NATO.
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This wall functioned as a barrier to stop refugees from the communist East Germany from fleeing to the democratic West Germany.
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This was when leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union participated in a crisis over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles in Cuba that lasted 13 days. This crisis caused US citizens to be worried and scared. However, through an agreement brought up by the US, nuclear war was avoided.
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This Council caused many reforms in the Church. These include changes in the way clergy would be trained, the Church would be separated from state and government, and no longer could they issue war.
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The student revolts were calls for reformation in education. This happened mainly in France and many were against the changes that DeGaulle created. The "Prague Spring" revolts returned Czechoslovakia to a communist state. It ended with a Soviet invasion, the removal of their party leader and an end to reform within Czechoslovakia.
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This marked the high point of the Cold War. The countries who signed this recognized people's basic human rights.
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John Paul II proved to be the most influential pope as he traveled the most and new many languages. He worked extensively to provide for the Church. He wrote many books too.
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This invasion proved be harmful to the economy and society in the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, with Thatcher elected prime minister she reformed London to become a financial center and she caused the right for people to buy a council house to be granted.
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This was when the people of Poland peacefully elected their own leader over the communist leaders already in place. This new leader supported solidarity.
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Gorbachev was a major reformer in the Soviet Union and he encourage the citizens to participate in trying to create a better country. His leadership resulted in a new economic system and democratization.
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This was when Germany was no longer split and it became a parliamentary democracy, marking the end to the Cold War in Eastern Europe.
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The break-up of the Soviet Union consisted of ethnic groups fighting for their independence because they no longer feared the communist government The Balkan conflicts resulted in the separation of Yugoslavia into different states now with unified nations.
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The European Union was created for economical purposes and it is now the largest economical market with its own bank governing the money flow in Europe.
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This showed the European countries finally coming together and becoming one under the governing of the European Union. This also made economy in Europe easier with everyone using the same currency.
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These attacks on the US created a tension between them and the Middle Eastern countries, causing fear in the citizens of both countries and creating tighter restrictions on border and airport control in the US.
