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1192
Crusades
While the crusades took place before the time period 1200 - 1450, they had a long lasting affect on Europe, giving them an interest in luxury goods from the east, like silk and porcelain. -
1200
Dar al-Islam
Dar al-Islam is the world of Islam. This world of Islam encouraged learning and sciences, pushing forward human knowledge and creating a safe space for Muslims. -
1200
Feudalism
This was Europe's dominant social and political structure. This social hierarchy separated society, with each tier serving another. -
1200
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church was one of the most powerful institutions in Europe. There was little to no separation of religion and government, so the church kind of just ran free. -
Period: 1200 to 1449
Unit 1
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Period: 1200 to 1449
Unit 2
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Period: 1206 to 1368
Mongol Empire
Genghis Khan unified the nomadic Mongol tribes and created the largest land empire in history. He connected most of Eurasia, facilitated trade, communication, and cultural exchange. -
1220
Silk Road Expansion
The Mongols revived the Silk Road, making it once again good for trade, and helped create wealthy cities like Samarkand and Kashgar. -
1250
Indian Ocean Trade
Greater naval knowledge combined with better navigation technology created a bustling trade network in the Indian Ocean. -
Period: 1271 to 1295
Marco Polo
He traveled from Venice to China, serving in Kublai Khan's court. He introduced Europeans to Asia's wealth and sophistication, increasing interest in trade and exploration. -
1279
Song Dynasty
This was the ruling family of China. The Song Dynasty had lasted for about 300 years, ruling using Confucian ideals. -
Period: 1347 to 1351
Black Death
This plague spread across trade routes from Asia to Europe. Caused massive population decline, social upheaval, and economic changes in many regions. -
Period: 1450 to
Unit 4
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Period: 1450 to
Unit 3
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1453
Ottoman Empire
The Ottomans took Constantinople, conquering the Byzantine Empire. They renamed it to Istanbul, making it the capital of their Islamic empire that spanned Southeast Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. -
1482
Portuguese and Spanish Maritime Expansion
Portugal established trading posts in Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Spain built a large land empire in the Americas, including Mexico, and Peru, exploiting silver mines and indigenous labor. -
1492
Columbus' Voyage
Funded by Spain, Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered "The New World," starting the era of European colonization in The Americas. He lead to the Colombian Exchange, which transformed agriculture, populations, and economies. -
1501
Safavid Empire
The Safavids used Shi'a Islam to unite their people and pin problems against their Sunni neighbors. The Safavids greatly helped created modern Iranian identity. -
1517
Religious Conflicts
Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church, starting the Protestant Reformation. This led to religious wars in Europe and the CatholicCounter0Reformation, which reshaped Christianity and church-state relations. -
1520
Atlantic Slave Trade
Europeans began transporting millions of Africans to the Americas as part of the Triangular Trade. Africans were bought out of Africa in exchange for weapons, and this fueled plantation economies for years. -
1526
Mughal Empire
Founded by Babur, the Mughals created a powerful empire in modern day India. They were known for religious tolerance under Akbar and incredible buildings, like the Taj Mahal created under Shah Jahan. -
Columbian Exhange
This was the massive exchange of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the East and the West. This brought crops like potatoes and maize to Europe and horses and smallpox to the Americas. -
Tokugawa Isolation
Japan adopted a policy of isolation under the Tokugawa Shogunate. Severely restricted foreign trade and contact, especially with Europeans, to preserve Japanese culture and political control. -
Centralization of Power
Kings like Louis XIV of France used an absolute monarchy to centralize power and reduce the influence of nobility. Developments of Bureaucracies and standing armies helped rulers maintain control. -
Period: to
Unit 5
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Period: to
Unit 6
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American Revolution
The 12 colonies fought for independence from Britain. Inspired by Enlightenment ideals, it led to the creation of the United States and influenced other revolutions. -
French Revolution
Triggered by inequality, economic hardship, and Enlightenment ideas. Led to the abolition of the monarchy, the rise of Napoleon, and long-term political changes in France and Europe. -
Haitian Revolution
The only successful slave revolt in history, it led to the independence of Haiti from French Colonial rule. It was inspired by Enlightenment and French Revolution ideals. -
Industrial Revolution
Began in Britain, bringing major technological advancements like the steam engine, factories, and mass production. Transformed economies, labor systems, and urban life globally. -
Labor Migration
Millions migrated to work in colonies; indentured servants from India and China, and voluntary migrants to the Americas. Often faced racial discrimination and harsh conditions, shaping multicultural societies in places like the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and Africa. -
Abolition of Slavery
Led by reformers in Europe and the Americas, the British abolished slave trade. Slavery itself was gradually abolished globally through the 19th century. -
Opium Wars
Britain fought China to keep selling opium; China lost both wars. Resulted in unequal treaties and spheres of influence that weakened Chinese sovereignty. -
British Raj in India
After the Sepoy Rebellion Britain took direct control of India from the British East India Company. Marked a shift to formal imperial rule, with India as the "crown jewel" of the British Empire. -
Suez Canal
Connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, drastically shortening the route between Europe and Asia. Increased European interest and control in Egypt and the Middle East. -
Period: to
Unit 7
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Period: to
Unit 9
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Period: to
Unit 8
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Scramble for Africa
European powers rapidly colonized almost all of Africa. Formalized at the Berlin Conference where Europeans divided Africa with no African input. -
World War I
Triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, but caused by militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Resulted in massive causalities, new warfare technologies, and the fall of empires (Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, German). -
Russian Revolution
Led by the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin, it overthrew the Tsar and established the world's first communist state. Sparked global ideological conflict between capitalism and communism. -
Treaty of Versailles
Officially ended WWI and placed harsh penalties on Germany, including loss of territory, military restrictions, and reparations. Created resented that contributed to the rise of fascism and World War II. -
Great Depression
A global economic crisis that began in the US and spread worldwide. Led to mass unemployment, political instability, and the rise of authoritarian regimes. -
World War II
Started when Nazi Germany invaded Poland, and was fought on a global scale. Included atrocities like the Holocaust and ended with the use of atomic bombs on Japan and the founding of the United Nations. -
Cold War Begins
Tensions rose between the United States and the Soviet Union after WWII. Led to a global arms race, proxy wars, and ideological competition. -
Indian Independence
India gained independence from Britain under leaders like Mohandas Gandhi, who used nonviolent resistance. -
Korean War
A proxy war between the US-backed South Korea and the USSR/China-backed North Korea. Ended in a stalemate, with Korea still divided at the 38th parallel. -
Decolonization of Africa
Many African nations gained independence from European powers. Often involved nationalist movements, wars, or negotiations, and faced pos-independence challenges. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
The closest the world came to nuclear war, when the USSR placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. Resolved through tense diplomacy between JFK and Khrushchev. -
Global Health Crises
Pandemics like HIV/AIDS (1980's - present) and COVID-19 (2019 - 2022) highlighted global health interdependence. Prompted international scientific collaboration and debates about equity in health care. -
Rise of the Internet
Revolutionized global communication, commerce, and information access. Enabled rapid spread of ideas, digital economies, and global activism. -
Fall of the Soviet Union
Marked the end of the Cold War and the global dominance of communism. Led to the creation of independent nations from former Soviet republics and a shift toward global capitalism. -
Economic Globalization
Creation of WTO, (1995) NAFTA, (1994) and the expansion of multinational corporations. Led to increased global trade, outsourcing, and interconnected economies. -
Climate Change
Increased concern over global warming, deforestation, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Sparked international cooperation like the Kyoto Protocol (1997) Paris Agreement (2015)