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The Royal Acquaintances Memi and Sabu
Pair statues, usually depicting a husband and wife, were frequently placed in a serdab, the hidden statue chamber often found in nonroyal tomb chapels of the Old Kingdom. The Egyptians believed that the spirit of the deceased could use such a statue as a home and enter it in order to benefit from gifts of food that were brought to the offering chapel of the tomb.
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/48.111/) -
Roman de la Rose, M. 948, fol. 12r, 16th century (Morgan Library and Museum, New York)
(https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/medieval-europe/a/introduction-to-the-middle-ages) -
Processional Cross
Elaborately decorated crosses were widely used in religious, military, and imperial processions during the Middle Byzantine era. Often, as here, inscriptions in Greek identify the holy figures depicted in portrait busts. On the front of this cross, the central medallion contains a bust of Christ. The archangels Michael and Gabriel, the guardians of heaven, are pictured above and below him.
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1993.163/) -
The earliest representational image making was a 2.4-inch tall female figure carved out of mammoth ivory that was found in six fragments in the Hohle Fels cave near Schelklingen in southern Germany. 35,000 B.C.E.(https://arthistory1030.wordpress.com/2016/06/15/week-1-prehistory-and-prehistoric-art/)
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Fragment of a Floor Mosaic with a Personification of Ktisis
The bust of a richly bejeweled woman stares from this fragment of a floor mosaic that was once part of a large public building. The partially restored Greek inscription near her head identifies her as Ktisis, the personification of the act of generous donation or foundation
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1998.69,1999.99/) -
The renaissance (or rebirth) is an Italian idea, and the Italian Renaissance generally covers the periods from the beginning of the fourteenth century to the end of the sixteenth century. The debate on it's beginning and end is largely immaterial, but for the purposes of this site we will begin at the start of the fourteenth
(http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Italian-renaissance.html) -
"Crucifixion," circa 1426
83 × 63 cm Museo di Capodimonte, Naples (w)
(http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Masaccio.html) -
Petrach's Virgil.
(title page)
(c. 1336) (w)
(http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Simone-Martini.html) -
Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara, Old Kingdom, c. 2675-2625 B.C.E. Photo: Dr Amy Calvert
(https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/egypt-art/beginners-guide-egypt/a/ancient-egypt-an-introduction) -
Bowl with Human Feet
This simple, round bowl, tipped slightly forward as if to offer its contents, has two such feet solidly attached to its underside. Made from Nile clay, the bowl has a smoothed, slipped, and polished surface, giving it a light sheen
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/10.176.113/) -
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Third Macedonian War (172-168/7)
Lucius Aemelius Paulus of Rome defeats Perseus of Macedon at Pydna.
Macedonia divided into four republics
(http://ancient-greece.org/resources/timeline.html) -
A renewed flowering of the arts is evident, especially in Mentuhotep’s innovative funerary temple in western Thebes, and in the exquisite painted reliefs decorating this structure and the tombs of officials in the surrounding cemeteries
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/afe.html) -
The first human artistic representations, markings with ground red ocher, seem to have occurred about 100,000 B.C. in African rock art
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/preh/hd_preh.htm) -
By 20,000 B.C., humans had settled on every continent except Antarctica. The earliest human occupation occurs in Africa, and it is there that we assume art to have originated
(metmuseum.org/toah/hd/preh/hd_preh.htm) -
Many musical instruments were crafted from easily degradable materials like leather, wood, and sinew, they are often lost to archaeologists, but flutes made of bone dating to the Paleolithic period in Europe (ca. 35,000–10,000 B.C.) are richly documented.
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/preh/hd_preh.htm) -
oldest homo sapiens fossil—from Omo, Ethiopia
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_prehistory) -
earliest needle found. Made and used by Denisovans
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_prehistory) -
A major outbreak occurs on Lake Agassiz, which at the time could have been the size of the current Black Sea and the largest lake on Earth. Much of the lake is drained in the Arctic Ocean through the Mackenzie river
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_prehistory) -
During the Bronze Age (around 3200 – 1100 B.C.E.), a number of cultures flourished on the islands of the Cyclades, in Crete and on the Greek mainland.
(https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/ancient-greece-an-introduction) -
Mycenaean culture flourished on the Greek mainland in the Late Bronze Age, from about 1600 to 1100 B.C.E. The name comes from the site of Mycenae, where the culture was first recognized after the excavations in 1876 of Heinrich Schliemann
(https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/ancient-greece-an-introduction) -
Two of the most distinctive forms of free-standing sculpture to emerge during the Archaic period of Greek art (about 600-480 B.C.E.) were statues of youths (kouroi) and maidens (korai
(https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/ancient-greece-an-introduction) -
By around 500 B.C.E. "rule by the people," or democracy, had emerged in the city of Athens
(https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/ancient-greece-an-introduction) -
"Sea Peoples" begin raids in the Eastern Mediterranean
(http://ancient-greece.org/resources/timeline.html) -
Earliest Lyric Poets
(http://ancient-greece.org/resources/timeline.html) -
Solon replaces the Draconian law in Athens and lays the foundation for Democracy.
He introduced to Athens the first coinage and a system of weights and measures
(http://ancient-greece.org/resources/timeline.html) -
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Earthquake in Lakonia
Helot revolt against Sparta in Messenia
(http://ancient-greece.org/resources/timeline.html) -
Thirty-year peace treaty signed between Athens and Sparta in winter 446/445
(http://ancient-greece.org/resources/timeline.html) -
Democracy restored in Athens
(ancient-greece.org/resources/timeline.html) -
Archaeologists have designated this long stretch of time the Paleolithic period because most tools are made from stone
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/afe.html) -
people who settled at springs in the desert and along the river left behind more sophisticated tool kits that are dominated by blades and retouched bifaces
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/afe.html) -
produced tool kits composed largely of monoliths.
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/afe.html) -
Their occupation is identified from the remains of huts, hearths, granaries, and no portable stone tools for grinding grains.
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/afe.html) -
The numerous Badarian cemeteries reveal a formal burial program that includes constructing a tomb, positioning the body, and supplying the deceased with equipment for an afterlife
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/afe.html) -
Substantial change in the social organization of Predynastic society occurs during this period, identified by the size and arrangement of settlement and cemetery sites as well as the contents of tombs
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/afe.html) -
Egyptians master the art of building in stone, but over a period of 500 years they define the essence of their art, establishing artistic canons that will last for more than 3,000 years
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/afe.html) -
During the First Intermediate Period, Egypt is ruled by two competing dynasties, one based at Heracleopolis in the north, the other based at Thebes in the south.
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/afe.html) -
The first Christian ruler of the Roman empire, Constantine the Great (r. 306–337) (26.229), transferred the ancient imperial capital from Rome to the city of Byzantion located on the easternmost territory of the European continent, at a major intersection of east-west trade
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
Christianity replaced the gods of antiquity as the official religion of the culturally and religiously diverse state in the late 300s (2006.569). The practice of Christian monasticism developed in the fourth century, and continued to be an important part of the Byzantine faith, spreading from Egypt to all parts of the empire.
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
The development of the codex, or bound manuscript, replacing the ancient scroll marked a major innovation
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
A number of deluxe, illustrated Early Byzantine manuscripts survive from the fourth to sixth centuries, including Old and New Testaments, editions of Virgil’s Aeneid and Homer’s Iliad, and medical treatises such as Dioscurides’ De materia medica
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
Relief carving in diverse media and the two-dimensional arts of painting and mosaic work were extremely popular in both secular and religious art (1998.69; 1999.99).
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
In the 700s and early 800s, the Iconoclastic controversy raged over the proper use of religious images, resulting in the destruction of icons in all media, especially in the capital of Constantinople.
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
Greek became the official language of the Byzantine state and church, and Christianity spread from Constantinople throughout the Slavic lands to the north
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
Art and architecture flourished during the Middle Byzantine period, owing to the empire’s growing wealth and broad base of affluent patrons
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
An intensified revival of interest in classical art forms and ancient literature reflected Byzantium’s continuous and active engagement with its ancient past throughout the empire’s long history (17.190.239).
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
In 1204, armies of the Fourth Crusade invaded from western Europe, conquering the ancient Byzantine imperial capital and founding the “Latin Empire of Constantinople,” while other imperial territories also fell to Crusader rule.
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
The Crusader state in Constantinople was one of several in the thirteenth-century Levant, all under the spiritual authority of the pope as head of the Latin Church of Western Europe (28.99.1)
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
This Crusader state lasted from 1204 until 1261, when Byzantine rule was reestablished in Constantinople and limited portions of the former Byzantine empire were also retaken.
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
The last Byzantine lands would be conquered by the Ottoman Turks in the mid-fifteenth century, with Constantinople taken in 1453, and Mistra and Trebizond in 1460
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
The fourteenth century, or Trecento, artists shed the mosaics associated with the Byzantine period and took inspiration from classical Greek and Roman sculptors
(http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Italian-renaissance.html) -
Italian Renaissance Art began with Giotto (c. 1267-1337) who is considered to be the first painter to have broken with the tradition of Byzantine art at the end of the middle ages.
(http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Italian-renaissance.html) -
Giotto made advances in representing the human body in a more realistic way, and his technique was the first to realize this change since the times of classical antiquity
(http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Italian-renaissance.html) -
The Plague
The Black Death of 1348 swept across Europe and it has been estimated that one third of the population died as a result of this pandemic. This decline in population continued and in 1450 the population of Europe was around half of what it had been in the early part of the fourteenth century.
(http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Italian-renaissance.html) -
Brunelleschi was responsible for the emergence of both renaissance architecture and perspective drawing, his work had a profound influence on the sculptors and painters of the day. Donatello, along with his contemporary Ghiberti, was the greatest sculptor of the fifteenth century, he produced a range of astonishing work over a sixty-year period. Masaccio was the most accomplished painter of the early fifteenth century
(http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Italian-renaissance.html) -
The printing press was invented by Gutenberg who lived in Strasbourg in the 1440's
(http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Italian-renaissance.html) -
The caves at Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc, Lascaux, Pech Merle, and Altamira contain the best known examples of pre-historic painting and drawing, dating back for at least 30,000 years old
(https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/prehistoric-art/paleolithic-art/a/paleolithic-art-an-introduction) -
Approximately 15,000 years later in the valley of Vèzére, in southwestern France, modern humans lived and witnessed the migratory patterns of a vast range of wildlife
(https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/prehistoric-art/paleolithic-art/a/lascaux) -
The site of Ubirr in northern Australia contains exceptional examples of Aboriginal rock art repainted for millennia beginning perhaps as early as 40,000 B.C. The earliest known rock art in Australia predates European painted caves by as much as 10,000 years
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/preh/hd_preh.htm) -
Following the death of Alexander and the division of his empire, the Hellenistic period (323-31 B.C.E.) saw Greek power and culture extended across the Middle East and as far as the Indus Valley
(https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/ancient-greece-an-introduction) -
Trojan War (1250 or 1210)
(http://ancient-greece.org/resources/timeline.html) -
Stoic philosopher Epicurus founds school in Athens
(http://ancient-greece.org/resources/timeline.html) -
Invasion of Greece by Gauls
(http://ancient-greece.org/resources/timeline.html) -
Second Messenian War
Sparta invades Messenia (640-630)
Cyrene founded (630)
(http://ancient-greece.org/resources/timeline.html) -
Aristotle dies
(http://ancient-greece.org/resources/timeline.html) -
The earliest occupation known in Egypt and these ancestors of humans often used a bifacial tool we call the Acheulian hand ax
(http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/afe.html) -
For ecclesiastical architecture in the early Byzantine period, domed churches, the most important being Constantinople’s Church of Hagia Sophia, and other domed sacred buildings began to appear in greater number alongside traditional basilica forms, first seen in the large-scale churches sponsored by Emperor Constantine I in the early fourth century.
(http://metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm) -
The poet, historian and philosopher, Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) was one of the leading lights of the movement
(http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Italian-renaissance.html) -
The Medici became patrons of art and lie at the heart of the early Renaissance. The family was one of the wealthiest in Europe, and were among the most important patrons of the arts in Renaissance Italy.
(http://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Italian-renaissance.html) -
1452: Leonardo is born on April 15 in the village of Anchiano, near the town of Vinci.
(http://www.davincilife.com/timeline.html) -
At 15 Leonardo is sent to Florence to work as apprentice to Andrea De Verrocchio
(http://www.davincilife.com/timeline.html) -
Michelangelo Buonarroti was born in Caprese, a village near Florence, during his father’s short term as mayor and local magistrate.
(http://www.michelangeloexperience.com/2010/09/timeline-of-michelangelos-life-work/) -
Dies
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Leonardo paints the Virgin of the Rocks
Leonardo da Vinci was commissioned to deliver an alter-piece comprising three panels for the church of San Francesco Grande in Milan.
(http://www.davincilife.com/timeline.html) -
Michelangelo quits school and signs up for an apprenticeship as a painter with Domenico Ghirlandaio.
(http://www.michelangeloexperience.com/2010/09/timeline-of-michelangelos-life-work/) -
Michelangelo flees the city, goes to Bologna. There he sculpts three small statues for the tomb of San Domenico: ST. PETRONIUS, ST.PROCULUS, and an ANGEL.
(http://www.michelangeloexperience.com/2010/09/timeline-of-michelangelos-life-work/) -
The Last Supper
The dining hall that Leonardo was to decorate with his painting was located in the building adjacent to the church. Leonardo was asked to create a portrait of Christ's last supper with his disciples, but more importantly, Leonardo chose to paint the very moment in which Christ announces that among the disciples lies a traitor
(http://www.davincilife.com/lastsupper.html) -
Leonardo dies in France
(http://www.davincilife.com/timeline.html) -
The Church’s emphasis on art’s pastoral role prompted artists to experiment with new and more direct means of engaging the viewer
(https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/beginners-guide-baroque1/a/baroque-art-in-europe-an-introduction) -
Artists like Caravaggio turned to a powerful and dramatic realism, accentuated by bold contrasts of light and dark, and tightly-cropped compositions that enhanced the physical and emotional immediacy of the depicted narrative.
(https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/beginners-guide-baroque1/a/baroque-art-in-europe-an-introduction) -
Others, like Giovanni Battista Gaulli, turned to daring feats of illusionism that blurred not only the boundaries between painting, sculpture, and architecture, but also those between the real and depicted worlds
(https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/beginners-guide-baroque1/a/baroque-art-in-europe-an-introduction) -
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When Martin Luther tacked his 95 theses to the doors of Wittenberg Cathedral in 1517 protesting the Catholic Church’s corruption, he initiated a movement that would transform the religious, political, and artistic landscape of Europe
(https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/monarchy-enlightenment/baroque-art1/beginners-guide-baroque1/a/baroque-art-in-europe-an-introduction) -
American painter John Rand (1801–1873) invented the collapsible tin paint tube.
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art.htm) -
Major advances were made in photography, allowing artists to photograph scenes which could then be painted in the studio at a later date.
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art.htm) -
Realism was the first explicitly anti-institutional, nonconformist art movement. Realist painters took aim at the social mores and values of the bourgeoisie and monarchy upon who patronized the art market. Though they continued submitting works to the Salons of the official Academy of Art, they were not above mounting independent exhibitions to defiantly show their work.
(http://www.theartstory.org/movement-realism.htm) -
Artist: James Whistler
Rather than making social statements, he gave his works titles like Symphony in White, using musical terms to suggest harmonious arrangements within a dominant "key." This idea prefigured connections drawn between music and abstract art in the twentieth century by artists like Georges Braque and Wassily Kandinsky.
(http://www.theartstory.org/movement-realism-artworks.htm#pnt_6) -
Modern artists were the first to develop collage art, assorted forms of assemblage, a variety of kinetic art (inc mobiles), several genres of photography, animation (drawing plus photography) land art or earthworks, and performance art.
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art.htm) -
Modern painters affixed objects to their canvases, such as fragments of newspaper and other items. Sculptors used "found objects", like the "readymades" of Marcel Duchamp, from which they created works of Junk art. Assemblages were created out of the most ordinary everyday items, like cars, clocks, suitcases, wooden boxes and other items.
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art.htm) -
A type of sharp-focus camerawork that captures a moment of reality, so as to present a message about what is happening in the world
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/photography/documentary.htm) -
Manet's painting was quite clearly that of a prostitute, identified by the orchid in her hair and her various baubles, stark in its contrast between her flat, pale flesh and the dark background of her small room.
(http://www.theartstory.org/movement-realism-artworks.htm#pnt_6) -
The painting, which depicts the picnic of two fully clothed men and two nude women, defies the tradition of the idealized female subject of Neo-Classicism in the positioning of the woman on the left who gazes frankly out at the viewer- she is confrontational, rather than passive.
(http://www.theartstory.org/movement-impressionism-artworks.htm#pnt_3) -
Edouard Manet (1832-83) exhibited his shocking and irreverent painting Le Dejeuner sur l'herbe in the Salon des Refuses in Paris. Despite Manet's respect for the French Academy, and the fact it was modelled on a Renaissance work by Raphael, it was considered to be one of the most scandalous pictures of the period.
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art.htm) -
The 19th century was a time of significant and rapidly increasing change. As a result of the Industrial Revolution (c.1760-1860) enormous changes in manufacturing, transport, and technology began to affect how people lived, worked, and travelled, throughout Europe and America.
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art.htm) -
The Impressionists sought to capture the former - the optical effects of light - to convey the passage of time, changes in weather, and other shifts in the atmosphere in their canvases
(http://www.theartstory.org/movement-impressionism.htm) -
The Impressionists loosened their brushwork and lightened their palettes to include pure, intense colors. They abandoned traditional linear perspective and avoided the clarity of form that had previously served to distinguish the more important elements of a picture from the lesser ones. For this reason, many critics faulted Impressionist paintings for their unfinished appearance and seemingly amateurish quality.
(http://www.theartstory.org/movement-impressionism.htm) -
Fog, Voisins demonstrates this general preoccupation with the visual perception of the natural world through the application of rough, clearly visible brushstrokes and the blurry, almost ethereal rendering of color and form. Here, a woman, serenely picking flowers, is almost entirely obscured within the dense fog that eclipses the pastoral scene.
(http://www.theartstory.org/movement-impressionism-artworks.htm#pnt_3) -
Its originators were artists who rejected the official, government-sanctioned exhibitions, or salons, and were consequently shunned by powerful academic art institutions. In turning away from the fine finish and detail to which most artists of their day aspired, the Impressionists aimed to capture the momentary, sensory effect of a scene - the impression objects made on the eye in a fleeting instant
(http://www.theartstory.org/movement-impressionism.htm) -
A genre that has largely replaced painted portraits
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/genres/portrait-art.htm#photography) -
One of the most famous works of French Realism, Jules Breton's Song of the Lark received broad acclaim as a less confrontational, more widely accepted version of Realist painting. His peasant woman stands in the middle of a field, holding a scythe, while the sun rises on the horizon. The soft colors of the sky create a beautiful backdrop for the strong-willed, barefoot farmworker.
(http://www.theartstory.org/movement-realism-artworks.htm#pnt_6) -
A type of camera art in which the photographer manipulates a regular photo in order to create an "artistic" image
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art.htm) -
Short-lived, dramatic and highly influential, Led by Henri Matisse (1869-1954), Fauvism was 'the' fashionable style during the mid-1900s in Paris.
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art.htm) -
The most important Fauvist Painters were Henri Matisse and Andre Derain (1880-1954), who had both studied together in 1897, together with Derain's close friend Maurice de Vlaminck (1876-1958).
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/fauvism.htm) -
Woman with Large Hat
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/fauvism.htm) -
In fine art, the term Cubism describes the revolutionary style of painting invented by Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) and Georges Braque (1882-1963) in Paris, during the period 1907-12
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/cubism.htm) -
Harmony in Red (The Dinner Table) Hermitage, St Petersburg.
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Portrait of Ambroise Vollard
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Violin and Candlestick
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art -
Surrealism was "the" fashionable art movement of the inter-war years, and the last major art movement to be associated with the Ecole de Paris
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/surrealism.htm) -
The Persistence of Memory
showing his "melting" watches.
This particular work is one of the
greatest 20th century paintings
and contributed greatly to Dali's
reputation as the leading surrealist
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/surrealism.htm) -
The Listening Room
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/surrealism.htm) -
Fur-Covered Cup, Saucer, Spoon
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/surrealism.htm) -
Lobster Telephone
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/surrealism.htm) -
The main contribution of abstract expressionism to "modern art" was to popularize abstraction. In Pollock's case, by inventing a new style known as "action painting" - see photos by text; in Rothko's case, by demonstrating the emotional impact of large areas of colour
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/modern-art.htm) -
Woman V
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Homage to the Square
(http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/abstract-expressionism.htm)
