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the water microscope is invented in china.
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Grinding lenses is invented in Italy and glasses are made to improve vision.
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Dutch lens makers Hans and Zacharias Janssen make the first microscope.
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The origins of cell theory begin in 1665
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In 1665 Robert Hooke discovered cells by looking at a piece of cork with a primitive microscope.
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Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia.
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in 1668 Francesco redi attempted to disprove spontaneous generation by placing meats in flasks some of which were sealed. He noted that maggots only existed in the unsealed flasks where flies would be able to enter freely and lay their eggs.
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In 1674 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek discovers microscopic animalcules and bacteria by looking at water with a telescope.
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John Needham attempted to prove spontaneous generation by placing broth in a vial, then heating it to kill everything within the vial, and then sealed it. Days later he noted that the presence of life had formed in the broth, and said that it had come from nonlife. However Needham had not heated the vial long enough to kill all the microbes.
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Spallanzani tried to disprove spontaneous generation by taking broth in two separate bottles, boiling, then sealing one bottle and leaving the other open. Days later the opened bottle started to show signs of life which could be observed with the newly invented microscope. the sealed bottle however formed no living organisms.
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In 1830 Joseph Jackson Lister reduces the problem with spherical aberration by putting several weak lenses together
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In 1838 and 1839 Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann conducted studies and concluded that that all living things were made up of cells and that a cell is the smallest unit of organization in a living thing.
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In 1858 Rudolf Virchow hypothesized that new cells come from preexisting cells.
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In 1862 Louis Pasteur discovers pasteurization by taking milk and heating it to a certain temperature for a set period of time.
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Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation by using a special swan neck flask and placing a broth in it. He then boiled the broth to kill all the microorganisms within. Then he allowed the infusion to sit for a while. Because of the shape of the flask the broth was exposed to air. However no microorganisms formed. Then he put some of the broth in the neck of the bottle and then microorgansms began to appear. Proving spontaneous generation does not exist.
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The Abbe condenser is invented.
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Ernst Abbe creates a mathematical theory correlating resolution to the wavelength of light.
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In 1879 Walter Fleming discovers cell mitosis and chromosomes.
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In 1885 Robert Koch discovers his famous postulates. the cholera vibrio, anthrax bacillus and the tuberculosis bacillus.
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Kohler illumination is invented.
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Richard Zsigmondy creates the ultra-microscope
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In 1904 the first commercial uv microscope is invented.
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In 1931 Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska invents the first ever electron microscope.
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Fritz Zernike invents the ultra microscope
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Ernst Ruska creates the electron microscope
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In 1942 Ernst Ruska invents the scanning electron microscope.
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Stanley Miller and Harold Urey. Tried to discover how life originated by conducting an experiment by simulating hypothetical conditions of the early history on earth. They used water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. After one week they discovered that as much as 10-15% of the carbon within was now in the form of organic compounds.
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Lynn Margulis came up with the theory of endosymbiosis. Endosymbiosis is the theory that explains the origins of chloroplast, mitochondria. And explains how eukaryotic cells came to be.
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in 1981 the scanning tunneling microscope is invented by gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
