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Eminent Cairo discovers the pulmonary circulation which is the flow of blood to and from the lungs.
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Fabricius publishes his work ON THE VALVES IN VEINS, featuring the first drawings of vein valves.
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Jan Swammerdam was thought to be the first person to observe and describe red blood cells.
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Jan Swammerdam is the first person to observe and describe red blood cells.
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Marcello Malpighi observed the capillary system, where the vessels connect the arteries and the veins.
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Richard Lower performs the first blood transfusion in animals. With a crude syringe he connected the jugular vein of a dog he's bled to the neck artery of second dog, reviving the former.
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Jean-Baptiste Denis transfuses a teenage boy suffering from a persistent fever with nine ounces of lamb's blood. He also did this to several other patients.
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The French Parliament banned all transfusions involving humans. This happened because Dr. Denis sued Antoine Mauroy's widow in 1668 for making false statements about his reputation.
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek describes red blood cells even more and says they are 25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand.
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Philadelphia physician Philip Syng Physick performed the first human-to-human blood transfusion, although his work was not published.
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James Blundell performed the first recorded human-to-human blood transfusion. His patient was injected with 12 to 14 ounces of blood from several donors because he was suffering from internal bleeding. The patient died after showing improvement.
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Sir William Osler discovered our platelets. He observed that small cell fragments from the bone marrow make up the clots formed in blood vessels.
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Karl Landsteiner discovered a regular pattern of reaction when he mixed the serum and red cells of an initial set of six blood specimens. Red cells agglutinate when serum from group A is mixed with the red cells of group B. Group "B" serum causes the red cells of group "A" to agglutinate, but the red of a third group, "C," never clump when mixed with group A and B. He named these three main human blood groups -- A, B, and C, which he later changes to O.
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Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli find a fourth blood group. AB, that causes agglutination in the red cells of both groups "A" and "B."
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Dr. Reuben Ottenberg performs the first transfusion using cross matching. He uses this procedure in 128 cases, eliminating transfusion reactions.
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Albert Hustin of Brussels and Luis Agote of Buenos Aires discover that adding sodium citrate to blood will prevent it from clotting.
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Dr. Richard Weil discovered that citrated blood can be refrigerated and stored for a few days and then successfully transfused.
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Citrate-glucose solution was made to allow blood to be stored for a few weeks and still remain viable for transfusion. Francis Peyton Rous and J.R. Turner developed this at the Rockefeller Institute in New York.
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The efficacy of transfusing humans with cadaver blood was first tested by Dr. Serge Yudin.
The Soviets are the first to collect and store blood for use in transfusions at hospitals. -
Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, are the first to begin storing citrated blood and utilizing it for transfusions within a hospital.
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Edwin Cohn is able to separate out the different proteins in liquid plasma. Plasma is mixed with the solvent ethyl alcohol and centrifuged. Cohn and his team are able to isolate the plasma components fibrinogen, gamma globulin, and albumin.
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Drs. Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener discover the Rh blood group. They identified the antibody to be anti-Rh.
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The first civilian blood donor service to collect blood plasma for the war effort center opens in New York and the Red Cross collects over 13 million units of blood over the course of the war.
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Directors of independent, community blood banks join Red Cross blood centers to form a national network of blood banks called the American Association of Blood Banks.
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Dr. Carl W. Walter develops a plastic bag for the collection of blood. He creates a stronger and more portable container using plastic, which revolutionizes blood collection.
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Dr. Max Perutz is able to see the structure of hemoglobin through the use of x-rays, the protein within red blood cells that carries oxygen.
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Drs. Kenneth M. and Edward Shanbrom produce a highly concentrated form of Factor VIII which resulted in powder's clotting power to be 100 times stronger than raw plasma, easily stored in a portable vial, and can be injected with a syringe by the hemophilia patient
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Dr. Judith Pool discovered that slowly thawed frozen plasma yields deposits high in Factor VIII or Antihemophilic Factor.
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Dr. Baruch identified a substance on the surface of the hepatitis B virus that triggers the production of antibodies. This lead to the development of a test to detect the presence of hepatitis B antibodies, thereby identifying infected donors.
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The first cases of a syndrome called GRID (Gay-related Immunodeficiency Disease) are mostly reported by gay men. It is later renamed AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome).
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When hemophiliacs also begin to develop GRID, Dr. Bruce Evatt began to suspect that it may be blood borne and presents his theories at a meeting of a group of the U.S. Public Health Service.
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Dr. Luc Montagnier's isolate the virus that cause AIDS and label it LAV (lymphadenopathy-associated virus).
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Dr. Robert Gallo identified the virus that causes AIDS, which he calls HTLV III (human T-cell lymphotropic virus).
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The first blood-screening test detects the presence or absence of HIV antibodies is licensed by the U.S. government. The test is universally adopted by American blood banks and plasma centers.
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The Human T-Lymphotropic-Virus-I-antibody (anti-HTLV-I) test; the hepatitis C test; the HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies test; the HIV p24 antigen test; and Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAT) directly detects the genetic material of viruses like HCV and HIV.
