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Secularist Jew, sought human reason to understand God and nature. Excommunicated by his jewish community
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critiques the biblical text and states the hebrew Bible provides a divine legislation, not a theological knowledge. Becomes a martyr for reason in the eyes of non-Jewish enlightened thinkers
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approached a near pantheistic view of God a s embodying the entire universe
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fetes galantes
idealized scenes of elegant parties in lush gardens such as Pilgrimage to the Isle of Cithera
ROCOCO
LOUIS XV STYLE -
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creiticism of government and religion lead to imprisionment9comfortable), and exile to England, Switzerland and Prussia.
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anti-clerical, not anti-religious, God is rational and will judge rationally based on a person's character when it comes to the afterlife.
Be good= rewards.
Also saw islam as manifestation of Cristianity and was critically called a Mohametan -
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painted Mme. De Pompadour and others in compromising positions
ROCOCO
LOUIS XV STYLE -
education, military, economic growth, religious toleration
"first servant of the state"
Promotion through merit
Universities
Religious Toleration
Admin and Economic reforms -
uses islam to show the bad in Europe
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The Swing- sexual and seductive in aristocratic life
Rococo, Louis XV style -
After spending time in England, wrote praising their liberal society and economic prosperity
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Popularized newton with Emilie du Chatelet
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6000 edicts, lead to rebellion, reforms overturned by brother Leopold II
Centralization of Authority
Ecclesiastical Policies
Economic and agrarian Reform -
sculptor who did busts of leading philosophes such as Voltaire and Rousseau
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play condemning Islam as the religion of fanaticism
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sees Islam as a tool for political manipulation of passive believers
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greatest miracle is getting people to believe miracles
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compiled by Denis Diderot and Jean d'Alembert, the 17 volumes probed human life on earth. Over 100 authors contributed calling for various forms of liberty, criticizing social ills and promoting economic and technological advancement.
1. Major source of 18th century knowledge
2. Patriarchal in tone and content
3. 14,000-16,000 sold before 1789 (French Rev.)
4. Champions secular learning and the "good life" based on reason -
inequality comes from the unequal distribution of land
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archaeologist criticizing the Rococo and applauding the ancients
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built with elements of ancient architecture and dedicated to civic contributions; the Pantheon became the resting place of Voltaire and Rousseau
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Voltaire's most popular satire of war, religious persecution and unwarranted optimism. Shows undercurrent of pessimism in the Enlightenment "Ecrasez l'infame!"
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"All men are born free, but everywhere they are in chains"
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1767 Legislative commission summoned
1769 War with Turkey begins
1773-1775 Pugachev's Rebellion
1772 First Partition of Poland
1774 treaty of Kuchuk-kainardji ends war with Turkey
1775 Reorganization of local government
1783 Russia annexes Crimea
1785 Catherine issues the Charter of the Nobility
1793 Second Partition of Poland
1795 Third partition of Poland TERRITORIAL EXPANSION
1796 Death of Catherine the Great -
defeds John Calas, a Huguenot tortured by the Catholic Church charged with killing his son for converting, he never confessed and is later exonerated
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points out biblical inconsistencies and critiques the immortality of biblical character
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condemed torture and capital punishment, promoting speedy trials and just punishments that deterred crime. Society was not to play God. His arguments are
UTILITARIAN (greatest good for the greatest number) -
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Poland partitioned out of existence by Ausrtria, Prussia, and Russia. Prevented war, increased power
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Christianity resulted from natural causes, not mysticism.
Praises Muhammed's islamic leadership -
challenged mercantilist theory by condemning navigation acts, tariffs, bounties, monopolies because it restrics economic expansion
1.resources are not limited in which one country takes what another loses; rather the untapped potential of natural resources is boundless
2. The "invisible hand" of supply and demand would best govern economics
3. laissez-faire, or "let it be", argued the state should only promote education and provide infrastructure (army and navy);
4 Stage theory -
promoting tolerance of ALL faiths, not just christianity
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Assimilationist Jew
promoted religious tolerationand pluralism in which all religious groups had full rights to practice and had full civil rights. Furthermore, groups should not excommunicate within, but practice tolerance as well -
ancient theme elevating one's duty to state and criticizing disloyalty and emotionality; artist of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Empire
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She was so appalled by Rousseau and the lack of rights women gain the French Rev. that she challenges Rousseau's tenets on enlightened principles, likening second-class female status to enslavement and arguing the lack of female education impedes progress
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Poland partitioned out of existence by Ausrtria, Prussia, and Russia. Prevented war, increased power
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Poland partitioned out of existence by Ausrtria, Prussia, and Russia. Prevented war, increased power
