Coming to America: The History of American Immigration. Created for HIS210E Medaille College
By JMiller38
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Nationalities of immigrants: England Scotland, Holland & Germany; forced migration of Africans and indentured servants from England. Pull factors: better life opportunity, religious freedom, adventure. Push factors: poor economy, political persecution, famines. OPEN IMMIGRATION with steady flow of incoming immigrants.
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104 British male settlers land and establish the first colony of the New World in Jamestown Virginia. [image source: https://www.google.com/search?q=first+settlers+in+jamestown+va&rlz=1C1CHZL_enUS694US694&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfoOmA8qPOAhXE2B4KHXUGBBsQ_AUICSgC&biw=734&bih=660&dpr=0.9#imgrc=Uzy5YjEYzDAWdM%3A]
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First ship of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade arrives in Jamestown, VA with 20 Africans. During the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, nearly 10.7 million Africans were forced to migrate to America as slaves. [image source: https://www.google.com/search?q=first+settlers+in+jamestown+va&rlz=1C1CHZL_enUS694US694&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfoOmA8qPOAhXE2B4KHXUGBBsQ_AUICSgC&biw=734&bih=660&dpr=0.9#imgrc=Uzy5YjEYzDAWdM%3A]
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Seeking freedom to worship as they choose, the Puritans land and establish the Pymouth Colony [image source: http://www.gettyimages.com/pictures/the-pilgrim-fathers-arrive-at-plymouth-massachusetts-on-news-photo-102843951#the-pilgrim-fathers-arrive-at-plymouth-massachusetts-on-board-the-picture-id102843951]
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In my research tracing my ancestor's arrivals to America, I learned that my family dates back to the earliest colonial settlers. In fact, my 10th great-grandfathers came over together from England and helped establish the colony of Rhode Island.
[image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_settlers_of_Rhode_Island] -
Hostility toward newer groups of immigrants entering America prior to Revolutionary War. Nationalism and unity in loyalty to America rose during Revolutionary War.
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As a form of punishment, 36,000 convicts from England sent to British colonies in America between 1718-1769.
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Slowed flow of immigration.
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States determine citizen status and naturilization policies for immigrants [image source: http://mrippolito.blogspot.com/2015/10/problems-with-articles-of-confederation.html]
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Nationalities of immigrants: England Scotland, Holland, Sweden, Germany, Ireland & France; forced migration of Africans. Pull factors: skilled workers/artisans Push factors: French aristocrats fleeing French Revolution; Irish rebels seeking refuged OPEN IMMIGRATION with slow flow of immigrants.
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Provides the guidelines to govern and unify the states. [image source: http://www.indian-ed.org/about-sti/us-constitution/]
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French aristocrat immigrants arrive in America fleeing bourgeoisie riots.
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Provided path to citizenship for white individuals with two years’ residency who showed good character and swore allegiance to the Constitution.
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Extended residency requirement was raised to 5 years; also required pledge of allegiance to the US & renouncing any previous allegiance. [image source: https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/naturalization-and-immigration-us-policy-timeline]
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Extended residency requirement to 14 years for naturalization. Authorized President power to detain, apprehend and deport non-citizens who appear to be a threat to the US. (e.d.u.)
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Residency requirement was lowered to 5 years. (
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End of the United States' participation in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and imporation of new slaves. [image source: https://todayinlaborhistory.wordpress.com/category/1800-1809/]
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Slowed flow of immigration
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Nationalities of immigrants: English, Irish, Welsh, Scottish, German, French, Switzerland, Netherlands, Norweigian and Swedish. Pull factors: land availability, job opportunity, sense of adventure. Push factors: overpopulation of Europe, poor economy, political persecution, famines. OPEN IMMIGRATION with steady flow of incoming immigrants.
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Regulated conditions of transportation of immigrants arriving; also mandated a manifest of incoming immigrants and their demographics [image source: http://bestofpicture.com/immigrant-pictures-ships.html]
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Nationalities of immigrants: Western & Northern Europeans. Pull factors: land availability, job opportunity, sense of adventure. Push factors: overpopulation of Europe, poor economy, political persecution, famines. OPEN IMMIGRATION with slow flow of arrivals; rise of nativist sentiments
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Famine in Ireland pushed many to take "coffin ships" or "famine ships" to America in hopes of better living situations. Irish arrivals also brought hostile sentiments from nativists.
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Nationalities of immigrants: Western & Northern Europeans, Southern & Eastern Europeans - Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary, Greece, Romania & Turkey Pull factors: job opportunities, family re-unification; emigration from native countries opened Push factors: poor economies, political and religious asylum BEGINNING OF RESTRICTED IMMIGRATION with steady flow of arrivals; rise of nativist sentiments & call for restrictions.
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Slowed flow of immigration. Immigrants of different nationalities fought along side each other; this created a sense of nationality and unity
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In an attempt to encourage emigration from Europe to the US during the Civil War, 160 acres of land was granted to incoming immigrants promising to reside and improve upon the land. [image source: https://pastsmith.wordpress.com/2014/04/25/homestead-act-of-1862/]
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Encouraged immigration, specifically cheap immigrant labor to help encourage US railroad and mining industries. Also created Commissioner of Immigration position reporting to Secretary of State.
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Nationalities of immigrants: Western & Northern Europeans, Southern & Eastern Europeans - Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary, Greece, Romania & Turkey Pull factors: job opportunities with railroads/steam engine, family re-unification Push factors: poor economies, political and religious asylum RESTRICTED IMMIGRATION with limited flow of arrivals; rise of nativist sentiments & call for further restrictions.
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Open immigration and preference to Chinese immigrating in exchange for US access to Chinese trade routes. Presence of Chinese nationals led to hostile nativist sentiments - particularly in Western States. [image source: http://econhist.econproph.net/author/detzlera/]
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Extended naturatlization rights to African-Americans - Asians still excluded.
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Immigration of Chinese, Japanese or any Asian country must be free & voluntary – not attached to a labor contract.
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Nationalities of immigrants: mostly Europeans - preference to Western & Northern Europeans Pull factors: job opportunities, family re-unification Push factors: poor economies, political and religious asylum RESTRICTED IMMIGRATION with very limited flow of arrivals; nationalism rose & immigrants assimilated
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Suspended immigration of Chinese laborers and barred Chinese nationals from naturalizing and deported many national Chinese
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Centralized immigration control as a federal responsibility; placed a head tax of fifty cents on incoming immigrants; established screening processes for admissibility of incoming immigrants
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Barred American employers from engaging in labor contracts with foreign individuals prior to their immigration to the US
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The Statue of Liberty was dedicated as a welcoming beacon of American hope in the NYC harbor for all incoming immigrants [images source: http://www.nyctourist.com/liberty1.htm]
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Prohibited Chinese nationals from reentry – even with documentation authorizing reentry
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Revised Immigration Act of 1882. Stated certain classes were unfit to become American citizens. Incoming immigrants to undergo inspections upon arrival. [image source:http://immigrationtous.net/94-ellis-island.html]
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Ellis Island opens as an immigration processing center. [image source: http://immigrationtous.net/94-ellis-island.html]
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Extends Chinese Exclusion Act for an additional 10 years; requires all Chinese nationals to obtain documentation indicating their status in America; also allows for imprisonment for any Chinese national found to be residing illegally. [image source: https://aspoonfulofsuga.wordpress.com/2013/07/02/defining-racism-w-respect-to-oppressive-laws/]
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Study that supported popular opinion of the time that immigrants from Southern & Eastern European were less desirable than individuals who had immigrated earlier. [image source: https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/historical-library/library-news/highlights-library-collection-immigration-commission-reports]
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Slowed immigration during WWI - increase post-War
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Expanded on Chinese exclusion laws – excluded individuals of the Asiatic zone from immigrating to America; expands on inadmissibility of unfit individuals and includes a literacy exam. [image source: https://ehistory.osu.edu/sites/ehistory.osu.edu/files/mmh/clash/Imm_KKK/Immigration%20Pages/Documents/Literacytest.htm]
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Regulates admission quotas based on nationality. Limits number of immigrants of each nationality to 3% of the number of foreign-born residents as of 1910 consensus. Western Hemisphere countries exempt [image source: http://1920sper3.weebly.com/politics.html]
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Nationalities of immigrants: Mexicans, Latin Americans, Filipinos, Post-WWII Jewish, German displaced persons; Pull factors: job & education opportunities, family re-unification Push factors: poor economies, political and religious persecution RESTRICTED IMMIGRATION with increasing flow of immigrants from Third World countries.
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Incoming immigrants limited to 2% of each nationality in ratio to foreign-born population of 1890 census; Western Hemisphere still exempt [image source: http://18423229.weebly.com/immigration-act-of-1924.html]
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Establishes the U.S. Border Patrol to secure American land borders [image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol ]
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Deported Mexican nationals and American-born individuals of Mexican descent to Mexico – took place without due process [image source: http://www.notesfromaztlan.com/2014/01/10/we-didnt-cross-the-border-the-border-crossed-us/]
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Slowed immigration due to poor economy and limited resources
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Slowed immigrant flow from Europe, but flow from Mexico and Latin America increased; Post-War saw huge increase of flow.
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All alien residents over 14 must register their occupational status and political beliefs. [image source: http://framework.latimes.com/2012/02/14/alien-registration-act-of-1940/]
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Rise of immigration of the Mexican - drawn to the America's job and education opportunities
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Established an agreement that allowed Mexican migrant workers into the US under short-term labor contracts. [image source: https://bracerohistoryarchive.com/2011/07/30/bracero-program/]
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Repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act and allowed Chinese nationals to naturalize [image source: http://www.nyhistory.org/exhibitions/chineseamerican]
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Allowed soldiers to bring foreign-born spouse and children into US regardless of quotas. [image source: http://www.americainwwii.com/articles/war-brides/ ]
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Increase flow of individuals seeking political asylum from communist regimes
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Allowed for over 200,000 individuals displaced from their homes to immigrate to America; also allowed for 15,000 illegal immigrants that met the displaced persons’ definition to obtain legal permanent resident status [picture source: (https://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/discoverycentre/identity/people-like-them/the-white-picket-fence/timeline/?selected=3) accessed 07/29/16]
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Consolidated several immigration laws into one statute; maintains nations origins quota system – but amended how quotas are calculated. Asians are assigned quotas that allow for immigration. US Consular officers to screen foreigners for entry – particularly if individuals were political radicals, unlawful or immoral
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Allows for 205,000 non-quota immigrants to be admitted to US if fleeing persecution or in exile from native home [image retrieved from google.com images]
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Nationalities of immigrants: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Latinos, Carribeans, Asians, Third World countries, refugees from Soviet (Russian) satellites, such as Ukraine & Serbia, Cuba, Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma Pull factors: job & education opportunities family re-unification Push factors: poor economies, religious and political persecution RESTRICTED IMMIGRATION, BUT REFORMING TOWARDS OPEN with heavy flow of arrivals; rise of refugee immigrant
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Eliminates quota system; immigrants now admitted based on relation to US citizen, law-abiding resident or US employer – no limit on immediate family members
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Allows immigrant active-duty armed forces veterans to naturalize. [image source: https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/our-history/agency-history/military-naturalization-during-wwii Retrieved July 31, 2016]
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Funds provided to assist Western Hemisphere individuals escaping persecution or fear of persecution – directed to Cuban nationals fleeing Castro’s rule [image source: http://historymiamiarchives.org/guides/?p=digitallibrary/digitalcontent&id=315 retrieved July 31, 2016]
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Expanded definition of refugee to include individuals fleeing persecution from Vietnam & Cambodia [image source: https://nholterm.wordpress.com/economic-and-identification/]
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Adopts preference category on Mexican immigrants
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Establishes system to process refugee and asylum seekers. Expands definition of refugee to include any individual outside his or her country unable or unwilling to return [image source: http://asianamericanrightsmovement.weebly.com/timeline.html]
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Increase in border patrol staffing; sanctions on employers who knowing hire illegal immigrants; paths to amend an illegal immigrant’s status to legal resident established [image source: http://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/23-defining-moments-immigration-policy-history/story?id=17810440]
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Allows Vietnam-born children fathered by American troops to immigrate [image source: https://spotlights.fold3.com/2012/04/11/miss-saigon-and-the-bui-doi/]
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Increased incoming immigrant limits, further defines grounds for deportation; eliminates judicial recommendations against deportation [image source: http://consumerlawmagazine.com/immigration-act-of-1990/]
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US Attorney General may bypass deportation proceedings for aliens convicted of aggravated felony charges; stricter penalties for smuggling illegal immigrants
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Expands on list of crimes labeled as “aggravated felon”; establishes “expedited removal” process by border/inspection officials
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Expands inadmissibility and deportation grounds; increases border patrol and increases border security; stricter guidelines for refugee/asylum seekers; entry-exit system to monitor arrivals and departures of immigrants; establishes data program for employers and social welfare agencies to verify immigrant status and eligibility
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Provided paths for relief from deportation and adjustment of status for qualified Nicaraguans, Cubans, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, and nationals of Soviet satellites
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Extends similar benefits as NACARA, but directed towards Haitians [image source: https://yourimmigrationangel.com/tag/us-immigration/]
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Increased call for more enforced border control. [image source: http://www.factslides.com/s-9-11]
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Broadens grounds for exclusion and further defines terrorism [image source: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2003/09/a_guide_to_the_patriot_act_part_3.html]
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Mandates development of electronic data systems to share relevant info regarding alien admissibility and removability; implements entry/exit data system [image source: http://www.gannettonline.com/gns/911/feature1.htm]
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Department of Homeland Security replaces US Immigration and Naturalization Service. DHS compilation of three separate agencies: US Customs & Border Patrol, US Immigration & Customs Enforcement, and US Citizenship and Immigration Services [image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Security_Act]
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Establishes statutory guidelines for deportation cases, expands terrorism-related grounds for inadmissibility and deportation; provides measures to improve border infrastructure; requires states to verify applicant’s legal status prior to issuing government identification cards [image source: http://vifreepress.com/2015/12/real-id-deadline-looms-for-the-virgin-islands-and-puerto-rico-jan-10/]
