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Oct 27, 1500
First Occupants Culture
Other First Occupant cultures:
- They had great respect towards the elders
- Many different traditions
- Ceremonies involving songs and dancing
- They had different freedom of actions such as no written laws and sense of private ownership (they would share)
- They followed animism which means they respect nature and that all living things have souls
- They believed in the the Circle of life
- Traditions were passed on oraly -
Oct 27, 1500
First Occupants concepts of Spirituality p.2
- They believed that all living things for example animals, had souls. They only killed animals in order to survive. After the Natives killed the animal, they would say a little prayer and would use all its parts.
- The Natives passed down their religious beliefs and lessons about the world through mythology and legends from generation to generation. (Elderly to the children)
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Oct 27, 1500
First Occupants concepts of Spirituality p.1
Before the Europeans arrived the Natives had their own spirituality. The Natives had many different ways to express their spirituality.
- They had a Shamanism which was a Priest who healed people and was considered a medicine man
- They had myths and legends
- Dreamcatchers (Bad dreams get caught in the spiral web and immobilized.)
- They believed in Animalism (everything had a spirit) -
The Divine Right of Kings
The Divine Right of Kings, is essentially when the King of France which was Louis 14 at the moment. The king thought that he'd become king because of God giving him the royal power therefore giving him absolute power. The king was responsible for the oversees cultural events and the exercises control over the Church. He had so much power that he could kill anyone he wanted and also create laws. -
European involvement in New France
New France wasn't doing well, the economy and the development of the population was suffering because of the multiple Iroquois attacks. King Louis 14 actions:
- Sent 1200 trained soldiers to New France
- Ended the monopoly of the chartered companies on the fur trade affecting New France's development
- Placed the royal government. Jean-Baptiste Colbert (Minister of Marine) controlled New France and put Jean Talon as the Intendant. -
Catholicism
The primary religion in New France, lots of power. The Catholic Church had a huge influence on the society at the time. It was the religion held by the French, and was enforced in New France, because it was a French colony.
The churches main occupations:
- conversions
- hospitals
- education
- charities
You had to do what the church wanted or you were excommunicated. You got excommunicated by not going to church, saying bad things or going against the bible. -
Social Classes
Social Classes:
- Nobility/Elite (Governor) (wealthy, tied to royalty, very few, wealth passed down, considered themselves better because there were naturally wealthy)
- Nobility and bourgeoisie
- Middle Class/Bourgeoisie (Seigneurs) & (Bourgeoisie=self made no money based down, started his own business and became wealthy)
- Middle class and habitants
- Peasants/Habitant (censitaires & farmers) -
Religion in New France
The French were Catholic. The Clergy was everywhere. Priests were missionaries and they ran the parishes. Missionaries were sent to New France to evangelize the First Occupants.
Nuns worked in hospitals and in schools. Because the Church ran schools, the Church could instill their beliefs into children while they were impressionable. Smart boys were asked to become priests. The Church's programs were funded by the church tax called tithe. The Church ran charities. Art was inspired by religion. -
Independence of the Canadiens p.1
Those who settled in New France became very independent because they live far away from the King for him to even do anything. These Settlers were happy, but they had to work very hard on the farm land.
Settlers:
- plant crops
- make clothes
- prepare for the rough winters
Since New France wasn't developing people were very independent. The people of New France wanted to be called "Canadians" because they were distinct from the French. -
Independence of the Canadiens p.2
The Canadiens learned to communicate with the aboriginals. The natives didn't have laws and lived to be free. Some French men had been influenced by this. Some French people live with the Natie people and worked as coureur du bois and voyageurs using canoes.Since there was no police, people did whatever they wanted. People from New France lived freely. -
Life in New France
Since the Canadiens lived very far from the King they became very independent. Since winters were very cruel in New France Canadians had to work hard during the summer in order to prepare for the winter.
Settlers:
- plant crops
- make clothes
- prepare for the rough winters
Since New France wasn't developing people were very independent. The people of New France were called "Canadians". -
Imperialism
Imperialism is an ideology that advocates the political, cultural, economic and/or military dominated exerted by the Mother Country on the colony. With the change of empire, the English Canadians were imperialists, meaning that they believed in Great Britain exerting its control over the colony. -
Liberalism
Liberalism is a political ideology based on individuals having equal fundamental rights, including protection from the abuse of the monarch’s power. Liberal ideas emerged through the press, and these ideas soon turned into political demands.This led to the demands of the British merchants and Canadian professionals for a legislative assembly. -
Anticlericalism
Anticlericalism is an opinion that the clergy shouldn’t meddle in political life, or censor cultural and intellectual life. Opposed to Ultramontanism. After 1840, liberal ideas continued to spread through the press. In 1844, some French Canadians opened the Institut Canadien de Montreal , a place for intellectual discussion. The Church was very much opposed to this. -
Ultramontanism
Ultramontanism is a political and religious doctrine where the Catholic Church dominates in every way, including political power.
Church controls everything. After 1840, as liberal ideas were gaining traction, the Church wanted to reclaim its authority. So, ultramontanism came to be. Ultramontanists wanted the Church to dominate in every way. -
Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system in which private companies run the economy. It benefits the rich and the poor people stay poor.
Capitalism emerged with industrialization, because wealthy people opened factories and had people work there for a very low salary. This allowed for the rich to get richer and the poor to stay poor, as the wealth accumulated for the business owners. This also caused cities to divide up by socioeconomic status. -
Agriculturalism
Agriculturalism is a view that agricultural life was the solution to counter urbanization. Agriculturalism was seen as the solution to industrialization/capitalism and the emigration of French Canadians. It promoted the idea of returning to the land and having traditional religious and familial values. The funds for the colonization of the farmland came from cooperatism. This continued in the 1920s. -
Nationalism p.1
Nationalism identifies a nation as a group sharing common characteristics and refers to an individual’s sense of belonging to a nation. -
French & English Nationalism p.2
- French Canadians got the idea of Canadiens Nationalism, they wanted their own government and wanted to live in a french catholic nation.
- English Nationalism: English wanted the Canada to be run like a british colony with protestantism and English.
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How the Government Functions p.1
Canada's government is a constitutional monarchy.
The British Crown holds symbolic power. We use the term "monarchy" because of tradition. Canada wasn't able to change its Constitution without an approval from Engand. The person that represents the Queen is the Governor General.
The three leves of the government:
- Federal
- Provincial
- Municipal -
How the Government Functions p.2
The laws must pass through the parlament in order for its approval by, whose members are elected by the people.
- Legislative: making laws and imposing taxes. This power is held by the House of Commons
- Executive: making decisions about administration. This power is held by the Cabinet.
- Judicial: ensures laws are followed. Judges are appointed by the cabinet.
This is able to happen because Canada has a parliamentary democracy. -
Feminism p.1
Feminism is a social movement in which women fight for suffrage and social/economic/political equality. Women had a hard life, they got married young, produced many children over 10. They'd marry someone they didn’t know. Women were forced to do as their husbands commanded. Up until 50’s in Canada it was legal to beat and rape your wife. -
Feminism p.2
Women often did the worst jobs and got payed less. They also had few rights(no vote), little education (not allowed to go to university, elementary school and home schooled).
Until 50’s in Quebec. WWI helped open things up for woman. -
Americanism
Americanism is an influence of American ideas and culture on Quebec’s society. After the Second World War, Quebec was prosperous, and people had more money to invest in entertainment. Thanks to TV, movies, songs, dances, etc., American culture made its way into Quebec society. -
Fascism
Fascism is the idea that a dictator (single person) should control the entire country. They normally rule through the use of propaganda/force. It was seen as a solution for capitalism. -
Cooperatism
Cooperatism is counted on by French Canadians to raise the capital necessary for rural development. Allowed for the pooling of savings. French Canadian traditionalists used this to allow for the pooling of savings, which were used to modernize agriculture and colonize new areas. Caisses populaires were opened, such as Desjardins. -
Aboriginalism
Aboriginalism is when aboriginals assert their concept of a nation. In the 1970s, hydroelectric projects expanded and required the flooding of traditional Amerindian land. The Aboriginal peoples hoped that they could get their rights recognized, and the government signed the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement which promised to consult the Innus and Inuits concerning these conflicts. -
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism is the idea that the government shouldn’t intervene in the economy and should let it function on its own. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Quebec government started privatizing companies because they were in debt. In reaction to this, this ideology emerged.
