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In, 1790 there had only been only 2 American cities that could boast popilations of more than 20,000 souls
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a skilled british mechanic of 21, got a job at textile machines and after memorizing the plans for the machinery he escaped to america and was aided by Moses Brown and built 1st cotton thread spinner in the U.S. located in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
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new england was singulartily favored as an industrial center for many reasons. its poor soil, dense labor, access to sea, and fast rivers for water power
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he built a crude machine called the cotton gin. many southerners called him king cotton.
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it was a broad, hard surfaced highway that thrust 62 miles westward from philadelphia to lancaster. this is where the term turnpike came from. it also brought economic expansion westward
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the principle of limited liability aided the consentration of capitol by permittign the individual investor, in cases of leal claims or bankruptcy, to risk no more than his own share of the corporations stock.
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The federal government constructed the Cumberland Road AKA The National Road (Maryland - Illinois) with state and federal money
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DeWitt Clinton’s Big Ditch was the Erie Canal between Lake Erie and the Hudson River. it shortened the expense and time of transportation. cities grew along the canal and the price of food was reduced. farmers were unable to compete in the rocky soils of the East, so they went to the West
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a pioneer steamer, the savannah, crept across the atlantic in 1819, but it used sail most of the time and was pursued for a day by a british captain who thought it afire.
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sea otters pelt became fashionable and traders al l most wipe them out to near extintion.
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Fur trappers setting traplines all over rocky moutain region.
The empire was in St. Louis -
in 1820 50% of the industrial labor force were children. many children were mentally blighted, emotionally starved, and physically stunted, and sometimes whipped im speacial rooms.
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Boston in 1823 pioneered a sewer system
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The 1st railroad in U.S. was introduced in 1828; by 1860, 30,000 miles of railroad tracks had been laid in the U.S. 3/4 of those tracks were up North. railroads also caused fires to houses from their embers
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a time when in which people were inspired by literature and paintings and eventually kindling a powerful conservation movement
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4.adult working condition improved in the 1820s & 30s with the mass vote given to workers. 10 hour day, higher wages, tolerable conditions, public education, a ban of imprisonment for debt
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invented the mechanical mower-reaper to harvest grain
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a painter and student of native american life and preserved nature. in 1832 he observed sioux indians in south dakota slaughtering buffalo
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2.The railroads were 1st opposed because financiers were afraid of losing money from Erie Canal traffic; railroads also caused fires to houses from their embers. also early trains were poorly constructed (with bad brakes) and the gauge of tracks varied
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the trans-Allegheny region (Ohio-Indiana-Illinois) became the nation’s breadbasket. they planted corn and raised hogs (Cincinnati was known as “the porkopolis” of the west”
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invented the first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807; steamboats were common by the 1830s, this caused an increase of U.S. trade because there was no concern for weather and water current. this contributed to the development of Southern and Western economies
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as store bought fabric, acndles, and soap replaced homemade products, a quiet revolution occured in the household division of labor and status.
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the revolution came from euorpe and moved west to america one reason it was successful here was cause land was cheap, immigrants were pouring in,
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in 1837 john deere produced the steel plow that broke the stubborn soil. sharp and effective it was also light enough for horses can pull it instead of oxen
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By, 1840 the demographic center moved past the
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foe of slavery and public corruption. they posseded a modest amout of goods. and owned modest farms.
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when immigrated to america the brought the conestoga wagon, kentucky rifle, christmas tree
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New York in 1842 abandoned wells and cisterns for a pipe-in water supply.
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transformed a subsistence economy of scattere farms and tiny workshops into a national network of industry and commerece.
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invented telegraph. was among the inventions that thightend the sinews of an increasingly complex buisness world.
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immigrants were undeniably making america a more pluralistic society one of the most ethnically and racially varied country in the history of the world
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'Europe sretches to the Alleghenies; America lies beyond
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in the 1840s, President Van Buren established 10 hour day for federal employees. many went on strike, but lost because employers simply imported more workers the immigrants.
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A terrible rot attacked the potato crop in Ireland. 1 fourths died of starvaton almost 2 million perished.
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between 1830 and 1860 over a million and a half germans stepped onto America soil
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made the sewing machine (the foundation of clothing industry). made the machine accessible for home use
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by the 1840s the city of buffalo handled more produce than new orleans. between 1836 and 1860, grain ahipments through buffalo increased a staggering sixtyfold.
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typically toiled 6 days a week, earning a pittance for drearey, limb-numbing, earspliting stints of 12 or 13 hours.
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a furtrader and real estae speculator, john jacob astor, he left an estate of 30 million on his death in 1848.
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aka the star spangled banner party they wanted rigid ristrictions on immigration or jus go away with it and supported laws authorizing the deportation of alien paupers.
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they feared that immigrants would outbreed, outvote, and overwhelmed the old 'native' stock
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R catolics were seeking protection from protestants so they created they're own school which began in 1840's seperating themselves from the poorer immigrant community.
in 1840 they had ranked 5th behind baptists,preby, and congregationalists, by 1850 1.8 mill joined -
yankee naval yards, notably donald mckays at boston, began to send down the ways sleek new craft call the clipper ship. long narrow, and majestic, they glided across the sea under towering masts and clouds of canvas. on a fair breeze could outrun a steamer
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the immigrants came mostly because europe seemed to be running out of room.
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a widespread cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker. from their pedistal, married women commanded immense moral power, and they increasingly made decisions that altered the character of the family itself.
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It was called the Great Exhibition. It featured inventions such as McCormick's reaper, Colt's firearms, and Goodyear's vulcanized rubber goods. It was held at the Crystal Palace.
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a spawn of shadowy irish miners that rocked the pennsylvania coal districts in the 1860's and 1870's
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Principle of divided labor emerged with each region specializing in its own economic activity. the South — cotton to New England; West — grain & livestock for the East & Europe; East — machines, textiles for South and West
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in 1858 cyrus field called 'the greatest wire-puller in history' organized a joint anglo-american-canadian venture to stretch a cable under the deep atlantic from new foundland to ireland . although the initial cable went dead after 3 weeks. a heavier cable in 1866 linked american and eruo continents.
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drifters were people looking for menial jobs going from town to town. these wandering workers accounted at various times for up to half of the population of the brawling industrial centers.
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new york was the metroplolis of the us. new orleans nicknamed 'queen of the south' and chicago 'the waggering lord of the midwest, destined to be 'hot buther for the world'
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established in 1860 to carry mail speedily the 2 thousand miles from st. joseph, missouri to sacramento. The Pony Express was short-lived though, lasting but 2 years, and was replaced by the telegraph wire.
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The original 13 states had more than doubled in number
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a semisecret society founded in ireland to fight rapacious landlords, served in america as a benevolent society aiding the downtodeended
