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Jean-Jacques Rousseau published Émile, introducing the idea that children learn at different developmental paces. His philosophy emphasized individualized instruction and respect for learners’ natural abilities. These ideas laid early groundwork for later special education practices focused on meeting individual needs. -
Thomas Gallaudet founded the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. This was the first permanent school in the U.S. dedicated to educating students with disabilities. It demonstrated that children who were deaf could be educated through specialized instruction. -
Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind in Massachusetts. The school provided structured education for students with visual impairments. Perkins became a national model for educating students with disabilities and advancing accessibility. -
Elizabeth Farrell founded the Council for Exceptional Children to advocate for students with disabilities. The organization promoted professional standards, teacher training, and educational rights. CEC continues to influence special education policy and practice today. Exceptional Children -
The Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” education was unconstitutional. Although focused on racial segregation, the decision influenced later disability rights cases. It established the principle that exclusion from public education is discriminatory. -
ESEA provided federal funding to support educational equity for disadvantaged students, including students with disabilities. It increased accountability and access to services. This law marked growing federal involvement in education. -
PARC v. Pennsylvania and Mills v. DC Board of Education affirmed the right of students with disabilities to a free public education. The rulings required due process protections for families. These cases directly influenced later federal legislation.
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Section 504 prohibited discrimination against individuals with disabilities in programs receiving federal funds. Schools were required to provide accommodations and equal access. This law supported inclusion in general education settings.
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This landmark law guaranteed Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE). It required Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) and parental participation. It firmly established inclusion and access in public schools. 6 Principles of IDEA: Your Rights in a Nutshell
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PL 94-142 was renamed IDEA, strengthening services and protections for students with disabilities. IDEA emphasized access to the general education curriculum and transition planning. It remains the foundation of special education law today. The opportunity of adversity | Aimee Mullins