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14: League of Nations to settle disputes
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Deal with Bulgaria
Main points:
Lost some land
Lost access to the sea
Made Bulgaria disarm -
Deal with Austria
Main points:
Separated Austria from Hungary
Stopped Austria joining with Germany
Land taken away eg. Bosnia
Made Austria disarm
Created new countries (see above) -
In 1919 a Royal Commission was appointed to decide whether or not to return the mines to private ownership. The Commission recommended that the Government should keep the coal mines
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The Samuel Report was fair but nobody liked it
The General Strike began when the subsidy ended
The strikers couldn’t close the country down -
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Deal with Hungary
Main points:
Land taken away eg. Croatia
Made Hungary disarm
Created new countries -
Deal with Turkey
Main points:
Lost land – part of Turkey became new mandates eg. Syria
Lost control of the Black Sea -
- It solved the disputes: o Germany and Poland over Upper Silesia o Sweden and Finland over the Aaland Islands o When Greece invaded Bulgaria
- It also did a lot of good work to help refugees after the war
- It fought against slavery, and tried to create better working conditions for people all across the world
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- Defeated countries were angry they had been forced to disarm
- The benefits of the Dawes and Young Plans were wiped out by the economic Depression
- Countries began to make agreements without the League of Nations
- Germany agreed to its Western Borders at Locarno, but nothing about the East (Czechoslovakia and Poland)
- No-one knew what’d happen if a country broke the Kellogg-Briand Pact
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Changes in European Politics
The Italian Democracy soon ran into trouble
The rise of Fascism seemed to be unstoppable
Many countries were now becoming dictatorships The Booming Twenties
Most countries were getting richer
Behind the prosperity were signs of trouble
Many European countries had US debts -
Democracy was rejected by people who felt betrayed by the Peace Treaties and the poor living conditions since the War finished –instead dictators were coming to power
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Germany, which had relied on USA loans, was particularly badly affected, with banks failing, exports suffering and unemployment rising
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Germany was forced to pay £6.6 billion in reparations –payments for the damage caused.
The Rhineland was demilitarized. Germany’s armed forces were reduced to 100,000 men, only volunteers, without armored vehicles, aircraft, or submarines, and only 6 warships -
USA, Britain & France reduced size of Navies
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There seemed to be a real chance of peace
But all of these agreements had problems -
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Russia & Germany resumed diplomatic relations
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Mussolini wanted both apologize and money compensation after the murder of Italian diplomat, invading the Greek island of Corfu. The League argued in favor of compensation. Finally, Mussolini received money and apologizes: the League was weak, very weak
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He changed the voting rules, and in the next elections of 1924 the Fascists swept to power, beginning to change Italy into a dictatorship, ridding of other political parties and became the Head of State
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Mussolini first come to power because He changed the voting rules, and in the next elections of 1924 the Fascists swept to power, beginning to change Italy into a dictatorship, ridding of other political parties and became the Head of State: Il Duce (the leader)
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Tried to make countries use the League to sort out disputes
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USA plan to lend money to Germany and extend payments
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Mussolini had used terror to win power
Some sources said in 1924 that he had murdered Matteotti, a leading opposition politician
He used a harsh secret police called the OVRA against his opponents -
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Germany agreed to western borders set at Versailles
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By 1926, Germany’s economy was stronger and had been accepted into the League of Nations
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The Act made it illegal for a union to join a general strike or a sympathy strike (one where you go on strike to support workers from a different union)
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65 nations agreed not to use force to settle arguments
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People selling shares=>prices dropped=>business collapsed and people ruined=>banks couldn’t keep value of shares artificially because no money=>banks failed=>government should not interfere
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The Depression Continues
The key political effects of the Depression
The effects of Depression on the major powers The rise of the dictators
Factors in the rise of the dictators Japanese expansion
Japan was seen as a threat by the USA
Japanese aggression led to the Manchurian Crisis
The League of Nations failed to stop Japan
The League was weakened -
They created the Vatican City, an independent state
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Reduced reparations by 75% gave Germany 59 years to pay
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This made goods coming from abroad more expensive than British goods and increased sales of British products
This 10% tax also gave the Government a valuable new income -
He wanted to reverse the results of the Versailles Treaty, and bring all the former German peoples back under his control
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Into the Rhineland
The League of Nations was busy with the Italian invasion of Abyssinia
Britain protested but refused to act -
The Unemployment Assistance Board took over organizing the dole and Means Tests, labour exchanges (job centres) and training schemes to help people learn skills which would get them jobs in different parts of the country
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Italy and Germany joined in on the side of the Right-Wing Nationalists, and 1600 people were killed at the town of Gernika by a German warplane attack
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No one in Britain wanted a war (Treaty of Versailles had been unfair to Germany
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They agreed not to attack each other, and also planned to carve up another country: Poland
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This was too much: Britain and France ordered him to leave