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The fall of the Western Roman Empire refers to the loss of authority over its territory by the Western Roman Empire, which became divided into numerous successor political entities. -
The term Gregorian chant is a type of plainchant, simple, monophonic singing with music used in the liturgy of the Catholic Church, although sometimes it is used in a broad sense or even as a synonym for plainchant. -
Guido d'Arezzo was an Italian Benedictine monk and music theorist who is considered one of the central figures of Medieval music. -
Hildegard von Bingen Considered one of the most influential, multifaceted, and fascinating personalities of the Late Middle Ages and of Western history, and perhaps the one who best exemplified the Benedictine ideal. -
Bernart de Ventadorn, also known as Bernart de Ventadour and Bernard de Ventadorn, was a popular troubadour, composer, and Provençal poet. He is probably the most well-known troubadour of the style called trobar leu. -
Léonin, along with Perotín, is the first known composer of polyphonic organum, associated with the Notre Dame School. French composer, poet, and teacher. He was ordained as a priest at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. -
Perotín was a French medieval composer. He is considered the most important composer of the Notre Dame School of Paris, where the polyphonic style began to develop. -
Also called Ars veterum or Ars vetus. Redes to the music of Europe from the late middle ages, between 1170 and 1310. -
Alfonso X of Castile, called the Wise, was the king of Castile and of the other titled kingdoms. Upon his father's death, he resumed the offensive against the Muslims and occupied Jerez, the port of Rabat, and conquered Cádiz. -
Guillaume de Machaut was a French medieval cleric, poet, and composer. His influence was enormous, and he is historically the foremost representative of the movement known as Ars nova, being considered the most famous composer of the 14th century. -
Francesco Landini or Landino was an Italian composer, organist, singer, poet, instrument maker, and astrologer. He was one of the most famous and admired composers in Italy. -
Ars nova is an expression that refers to musical production, both French and Italian. -
Johannes Gutenberg was a German goldsmith, inventor of the modern printing press with movable type, around 1450. -
Juan del Encina was a poet, musician, and playwright of the Spanish Renaissance during the time of the Catholic Monarchs. Alongside Juan de Anchieta, Juan de Urreda, Joan Cornago. -
Martin Luther was a theologian, philosopher, and Augustinian Catholic friar who began and promoted the Protestant Reformation in Germany, and whose teachings inspired the theological and cultural doctrine known as Lutheranism. -
Cristóbal de Morales was a Spanish Catholic priest and chapel master, being the main representative of the Andalusian polyphonic school of Spanish Renaissance polyphonic composition. -
Antonio de Cabezón was a Spanish organist, harpist, and composer of the Renaissance. -
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was an Italian Renaissance composer of sacred music and the best-known representative of the Roman School of musical composition. -
Orlando di Lasso was a Franco-Flemish composer of the late Renaissance. Along with Palestrina and Victoria, he is considered one of the most influential composers of the 16th century. -
Andrea Gabrieli was an Italian composer and organist of the late Renaissance. He was the first internationally renowned member of the Venetian School of composers. -
Maddalena Casulana was an Italian composer, guitarist, and singer of the late Renaissance. She was the first female composer to have an entire volume solely of her music printed and published in the history of Western music. -
Tomás Luis de Victoria was a Catholic priest, chapel master, and renowned polyphonic composer of the Spanish Renaissance. He has been considered one of the most important and advanced composers of his time. -
Giovanni Gabrieli was an Italian composer and organist, born and died in Venice. One of the most influential musicians of his time, he represents the culmination of the Venetian school. -
Carlo Gesualdo was an Italian composer, one of the most significant figures in late Renaissance music. The most well-known fact of his life was the murder of his first wife and her lover upon catching them "in the act." -
Claudio Monteverdi was an Italian composer, singer, choral director, and priest. He composed both secular and sacred music and marked the transition between the polyphonic and madrigal traditions. -
Giacomo Carissimi was one of the most eminent Italian composers of the early Baroque and one of the main representatives of the Roman School. He was born in Marino, near Rome. -
Barbara Strozzi, during her lifetime, published eight volumes of her own music and had more printed secular music than any other composer of the time. This was achieved without any support from the Catholic Church and without the constant patronage of the nobility. -
Antonio Stradivarius was the most prominent Italian luthier. The Latin form of his surname, Stradivarius, is used to refer to his instruments. -
Henry Purcell was an English Baroque composer. Considered one of the greatest English composers of all time, he incorporated French and Italian stylistic elements into his music, creating a distinct English style of Baroque music. -
Antonio Vivaldi was a Venetian Baroque composer, violinist, entrepreneur, teacher, and Catholic priest. He is considered one of the greatest Baroque composers, and his influence during his lifetime spread throughout Europe. -
Georg Philipp Telemann was a German Baroque composer, although his work also had characteristics of the early Classical period. He is considered the most prolific composer in the history of music. He studied Law at the University of Leipzig. -
Georg Friedrich Händel was a German composer, later naturalized British, considered one of the leading figures in the history of music, especially Baroque, and one of the most influential composers in Western and universal music. -
Johann Sebastian Bach was a composer, musician, conductor, chapel master, cantor, and German teacher of the Baroque period. He was the most important member of one of the most outstanding musical families in history. He gained great fame as an organist and harpsichordist throughout Europe for his virtuosity. -
Joseph Haydn was an Austrian composer. He is one of the leading figures of the Classical period. He also contributed to the instrumental development of the piano trio and the evolution of the sonata form. -
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was a composer, pianist, conductor, and teacher of Austrian origin, from the former Archbishopric of Salzburg. A master of classicism, he is considered one of the most influential and outstanding musicians in history. -
Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer, conductor, pianist, and piano teacher. His musical legacy spans from the Classical period to the beginnings of the Romantic era. He is considered one of the most important composers in the history of music. -
Soccer was created in England in 1863, when the Football Association was established and the first unified rules of the game were set. -
Real Madrid is a multi-sport entity based in Madrid, Spain. It was officially registered as a football club by its members on March 6, 1902. Madrid football had Julián Palacios and the brothers Juan Padrós and Carlos Padrós as the main founders of the club. -
The First World War, also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Central Powers. The fighting took place mainly in Europe and the Middle East, as well as parts of Africa and the Asia-Pacific. -
World War II was a global military conflict that took place between 1939 and 1945. Most of the nations in the world were involved, including all the major powers, as well as practically all European nations. It was the largest war in human history, with over one hundred million military personnel. -
The arrival of man on the Moon is one of the most notable events in the history of space exploration. In 1969, Apollo 11, a manned space mission with Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins, managed to land on the lunar surface, marking a milestone in the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. -
The Spanish national football team won the 2010 FIFA World Cup, whose final stage was held in South Africa from June 11 to July 11, 2010. Spain, which in Group 5 of the European qualification zone had earned all 30 possible points by winning the 10 matches it played. -
The Spain national football team won the 2024 European Championship, a tournament that took place in Germany from June 14 to July 14, 2024. In the final, they defeated England 2-1. It marked their fourth continental title, making them the most decorated national team.