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- "I am the first servant of the state"
- religious toleration
- abolished most forms of judicial torture
- less censorship
- infrastructure
- promoted education
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written by Montesquieu. He was a noble, so he didn't like Louis XV or royal absolutism. This book advocated for the separation of powers. He believed the government should have a legislative, executive, and judicial branch. He emphasized the ideas of checks and balances of power, and he also talked about how things like climate and culture impact and influence society.
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17 novels published over the course of 21 years. It's main editor was Denis Diderot, but it was contributed to by many philosophes. Through its volumes, it covered all sorts of subjects and information -- anything from historical to scientific to technical information. It was the epitome of ideas from the Scientific Rev. and Enlightenment (skepticism, rationalism, scientific spirit), and it often contained critical undertones of institutions of the time, such as the Church and absolute monarchy
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written by Rousseau. he emphasized that children needed to be educated because it would lead to them becoming better citizens. He said that children needed to grow up and develop naturally and be shielded from societal corruption. Education would keep children from being corrupted.
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Written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, this book describes how the power of a government is derived from the consent of the governed. He talked about how, in return for the protection and security of a government, people would give up some of their natural rights. People formed a contract for order
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- passed "the Nakaz" or the Instruction, a legal document that was influenced with enlightment ideals
- made people equal, abolished torture, tried to prevent crime, faced noble opposition and ultimately wasn't super effective
- she tried to consolidate state power and establish local governments -- after pugachevs rebellion she increased the nobilities power so serfdome stayed prominent
- strongly believed in education, founded schools
- patron of the arts, believed in vaccination
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After Russia's victories against the Ottoman Empire, Austria and Prussia were scared that the balance of power would be off. So, Frederick II of Prussia proposed an annexation of Poland from all 3 countries, because things were tense between Russia and Austria. The 3 countries each took parts of the very weak Poland, and although the Poles tried to defend themselves over the years, it didn't work.
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a rebellion in russia, mainly serfs and peasants rebelling. they were unhappy with the terrible conditions and hardships. a man named pugachev told people he was catherine the greats husband, peter, whom she had murdered so she could take the throne. the rebellion was eventually crushed by the military, but it revealed the vulnerabilties of the government in russia. also, cat II cracked down on serfs, becoming stricter and increasing the power of the nobility
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Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher and economist, outlined his ideas in this book. He believed a free market was crucial and that it was guided by an "invisible hand" made up of self-interest and competition. He critiqued mercantilism and believed that breaking tasks into smaller tasks would increase productivity and benefit the economy. His book was very influential, and Smith is called the "father of modern economics".
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may
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created to write a constitution and limit the king's power - it was made mainly of the third estate. It disolved itself in 1791 after it completed the constitution
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Bastille was a fortess and prison that represented the tyranny of the Bourbon monarchs. Parisians were scared that Louis XVI would use military force to supress their revolution, specifically arrest the national assembly, so they stormed Bastille, freed its prisoners, and stole gun powder. It was a symbolic act against the oppressive regime.
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This was an attempt to set up a French National Church. It occurred under the National Assembly, and basically lowered the rank of the Roman Cath. Church in France, making it less important than the state. Clergy were state employees elected by citizens, and they had to swear an oath of loyalty to France. This was to have the church under the control of the state and get rid of the church hierarchies. It created a divide between the clergy and the general population of France.
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limited the power of the king, created a one-house legislature called the Legislative Assembly, divided France into 83 departments, each department ruled by elected councils. It essentially established a constitutional monarch. Louis XVI tried to escape but was forced to accept the constitution. It also created "active" and "passive" citizens -- active ones could vote, passive ones could not. To be an active citizen you had to be over 25 and pay a tax
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by Olympe de Gouges. It was opposition to the Declaration of the Rights of Man b/c that one excluded women
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The Legislative Assembly oversaw the government, took legislative actions like passing laws, and played a financial role. The king had very minimal power, like postponing laws being passed. They faced challenges because some wanted a constitutional monarchy and some wanted a republic.
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france becomes a republic and monarchy is abolished
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Poland's constitution -- they abolished Liberum Veto (that thing where one deputy could block legislation), created a constitutional monarchy, and introduced political equality between nobles and townspeople. It was supposed to strengthen Poland
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sept 2-sept 7 - series of killings and executions of prisoners by revolutionary mobs -- overseen by the sans-culottes.
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a series of conflicts through which France attempted to promote revolutionary ideals through europe and stop other european states/monarchs from interfering. States like Austria and Prussia saaw the revolution as a threat to their power so they went to war with france. also france saw war as a way to produce nationalism
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The National Convention replaced the Legislative Assembly after it was dissolved. It made France a republic and abolished the monarchy. It created a new consitution, although it was postponed until France was peaceful. They tried and executed Louis XVI and oversaw the Reign of Terror. It dissolved in 1795 after replacing itself with the Directory
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After the Constitution of May 3, 1791, was internally opposed by conservative nobles who allied with Russia, Poland and Russia went to war. Poland lost, and Russia and Prussia annexed more of Poland to suppress uprisings.
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led by the Committee of Public Safety and headed by Robespierre -- mass arrests and executions against any counterrevolutionaries and counterrevolutionary activity. So nobles and clergy were executed, and even revolutionaries if they were deemed not to be enthusiastic enough. It created widespread paranoia. Eventually, people turned against Robespierre and executed him.
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started with the execution of robespierre. in the thermidor phase, france moved towards a more conservative gov and and power moved from the jacobins to more moderate factions.
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in 1794, Poland tried to start a revolution again, but again it was suppressed, so in 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria divided the rest of Poland. They claimed that they were keeping the balance of power, but people overall felt kinda weird abt the partitions because they were happening without a war.
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The National Convention created a new constitution. It replaced the National Convention with a new executive branch made up of 5 men, called the Directory, so there wouldn't be one person with absolute power. It also created a bicameral legislative branch, with a Council of Five Hundred and a Council of Ancients. The new constitution made France a more conservative republic - it separated powers and restricted the voting rights to wealthy men
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a period where those who opposed the revolution hunted down and killed those who supported the revolution
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The directory was set up in the constitution of 1795. It was a 5 men executive branch so that one person wouldn't have all the power, as well as a bicameral legislative branch made up of the council of five hundred and council of ancients. the directory was incredibly weak and unsustainable, and napoleon took over
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This was done by Napoleon and asserted that french catholics could freely worship -- it basically re established the roman catholic church in France (but church was still subservient to state)
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