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Richelieu appointed elus to police taxation in the pays d'etat which was controversial as they were supposed to be self-governing. it sparked the rebellion of Languedoc.
Richelieu won the rebellion but realised he had overstepped his mark so removed the elus and allowed the pays d'etat to retain their privileges. -
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humiliating French defeat by the Spanish, lowpoint of French foreign power a Spanish army invaded from the lowlands in the north east of France were the grounds were flat and opened onto the Spanish Netherlands. They managed to get all the way to Corbie which were virtually the suburbs of Paris.
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'God-given' and the 'miracle child'
His parents hated each other and his father was gay... it was incredible he was ever born at all -
Aix and Rouen's parlement openly defy royal policy in response to the crown's bad treatment of parlement
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regency council is created in his will but swiftly dissolved by his wife Anne of Austria to make her sole regent of Louis XIV -
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Led by the Duc de Beaufort, a group of aristocrats conspired to kill Mazarin
It included:
- The Duc de Vendome: he held governance of Brittany and promised he’d pull Mazarin's moustache off
- Augustin Potier, Bishop of Beauvais: he wanted to be chief minister and replace Mazarin
- The Marquis of Chateauneuf: he had been sacked by Richelieu and wanted to be liked again -
- battle of freiburg
- french occupation of Phillipsburg
- Turenne occupies key fortifications in the Rhineland, including Worms and Mainz
- Gaston besieges Gravelines
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- mazarin supports rebels in Catalonia and Portugal
- Mazarin brokers peace between Sweden and Denmark to forge his own alliance with them
- Mazarin subsides Rakoczy, Prince of Translyvania
- Mazarin secures a Polish alliance
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this was the high point of foreign policy before the crash of the Frondes
the treaty of westphalia was a result of the battle of Lens Lens - 20th of August
Westphalia - 24th of October -
battle of the dunes (in Dunkirk, 14th of June)
Turenne recaptures Ypres, Menin and Furnes in Flanders
League of the German Princes (14th of August) -
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it registers new offices and taxes to help pay for the war -
courts meet in chambres Saint Louis
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- all new taxes and edicts to be verified by sovereign courts
- no salary reductions without consent
- no new office sales
- no lettres de cachet
- no intendants or extraordinary commissioners
- abolition of the lit de justice
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the day later he is released after riots and protests -
Conde leads the siege of Paris on behalf of the crown the first time around, fighting against parlement protestors
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heads to Saint Germain -
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reforms are accepted and princes are ignored -
Conde, Conti and Longueville are arrestedby Mazarin leading to the princes' Fronde parlement argues that this is unlawful under the peace of reuil -
Mazarin beats Turenne at his attempted Spanish backed capture of Rethel -
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he replaces Epernon and raises expectations of radicals in the province
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they blame Mazarin for the Frondes and all the chaos saying he purposefully created it to prolong his own power
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Conde, Conti and Longueville are released after persuasion from the English wife of the executed Charles I from Le Havre and Mazarin because of this goes into exile -
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he goes to work for the Spanish and betrays his country....
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after they are instructed to discontinue their meetings, they storm the parts of the city inhabited by the wealthy bourgeoisie and seize power
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he tries to do this under Broussel and Beaufort but it fails Broussel is simply too old
Beaufort is preoccupied with other matters -
French surrender Casale and Monferrato in Italy
French surrender Gravelines and Dunkirk in Flanders
Anglo-Spanish force defeat French fleet at Dunkirk -
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Turenne rejoins the crown and defeats Conde at the battle of Fauborg Saint-Antoine near Paris that brings much of an end to the Frondes
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Turenne and his army on behalf of the crown defeat the rogue Conde and essentially bring about the beginning of the end of the Frondes
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siege of rocroi by Conde
Turenne recaptures Sainte-Menehould and Monzon -
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after hiding from the crown following the Ormee, he is betrayed and handed to Mazarin where he is tried by Parlement, broken on the wheel in the presence of his erstwhile supporters and then executed under the elm trees where they had first met :(
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Turenne defeats Conde at Landrecies
November- the treaty of Westminster -
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the high point of french foreign power -this is when Louis is arranged to marry Maria Theresa, the infanta of Spain
-Louis would renounce all claim to the Spanish throne through the marriage IF a very expensive dowry was payed (knowing the Spanish could not afford this)
-this allowed Maria Theresa's claims to the throne to pass onto Louis -
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he contracts the architect Louis Le Vau and gardener Andre Le Notre (the same people who did Fouquet's Vaux Le Vicomte)
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in April the council of the state ordered all french clergy to sign the formulary against Jansenism
at the same time, jesuit doctrines were imposed on port royal and new nuns were forbidden. scholars were expelled from the convent. the nuns at port royal flatly refused. -
this backfires and, for several other reasons, Fouquet is arrested. -
takes place at the Tuileries palace
a spectacular display of horsemanship and pageantry held in the gardens to honour the birth of the dauphin
there were over 15,000 spectators with races, a parade, and a tournament amongst nobles -
corsican guards in rome fired shots at the coach of the french ambassador which killed and wounded members of his entourage. Louis threatened to invade the papal state of Avignon until papal legate Cardinal Chigi publicly apologised which he did in 1664.
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Pope alexander VII agreed to erect a monument in Rome at the site of the brawl and accept the French embassy's diplomatic and legal immunity from the papale police
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the Sorbonne was the main theological college in France that was made up of predominantly Gallicans
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it is called regiminis apostolici
it was requested by Louis
it stated that the Jansenists were heretical the nuns refused again to sign saying that the Pope had no authority over them using Gallican grounds (the separation of the French church and Rome) -
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replacing Alexander VII
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following the pope's lead, Jansenists are given the right of respectful silence after Alexander VII is replaced by the more conciliatory Clement IX and being influenced by Conde's sister, Madame Longueville who was protectress of the jansenist nuns at port royal, the peace of the church is issued.
- it gave jansenists the right to respectful silence
- withdrew the formulary and armed guards
- permitted nuns of port royal to live and teach freely
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finances are under pressure at this point due to the Dutch war that lasted from 1672-1678
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replacing Clement IX
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the regale was the right from the 1516 concordat of bologna to collect revenue from empty dioceses (vacant seats) in northern france. this provided valuable revenue to fund the Dutch war. in 1673 and 1674 Louis extended the regale to all of France, including southern provinces of Guyenne, Dauphine and Provence. He received the approval of the paris parlement and Pope Clement did not oppose him. but two jansenist bishops did.
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he is hit by a stray cannonball :(
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replacing Pope Clement X
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he is convinced by his Jesuit confessor that the jansenist refusal to submit challenged his divine sovereignty. he passed an edict suppressing Jansenism in paris and port royal, which was ordered to reduce its numbers to only 50 women.
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they reaffirmed the french kings rights
- kings and princes were not subordinate to Rome in non-spiritual matters
and denied papal infallibility
- in matters of faith, the pope takes the lead but is not infallible
- the pope is subordinate to general councils
- papal rulings can be altered if they do not have the support of general councils -
he refused to help defend christendom in Vienna from Ottoman Turkish attack. this puts his own dynastic rivalry above the defenses of the christian faith which was very controversial.
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Louis comes to a compromise by keeping one regale as well as withdrawing the Gallican articles