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1534-Explored and mapped the Gulf of St-Lawrence, reported what he thought was gold but lots of fish, timber, and furs.
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Sailed up the St-Lawrence, reached Stadacona (Quebec). Nice natives showed Europeans how to survive winter and scurvy. They return with native captives.
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Attemped to set up a colony (not successful). Missionaries attempted to convert natives. France lost interest for 60yrs.
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The king first sent a voyage in 1605 to establish a settlement in Nova Scotia called Port Royal. Samuel de Champlain was a part of Port Royal. Port Royal failed because of its position
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Champlain returned in 1608-09 to establish a trading post near Stadacona (Quebec), a point where the river narrows.
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Establishment Montreal (1642), its deep inside Iroquois territory, established to try and convert natives. It’s called Ville-Marie.
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King Louis the 14th had taking the throne at the age of five (his power has given to regents…people who ruled in his place). In 1661 he took control of France for himself. He had two objectives: settle wars in Europe, and take command of his colonies.
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The king ended the monopoly and placed New France under the Minister of Marine who at the time was Jean-Baptiste Colbert. He and Louis decided to implement Royal Government in 1663.
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The First Intercolonial War Ends with the Treaty of Ryswick 1697.
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The Second Intercolonial War Ends with the Treaty of Utrecht 1713
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The Third Intercolonial WarEnds with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748
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The French versus the English from 1756 to 1763. The English win and claim New France as their own.
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Louisbourg falls again in 1758, clears way to enter the St-Lawrence and attack Quebec
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The Siege on Québec begins June of 1759.
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In New France the people were very autonomous and by 1760 grew to become a distinct set of people called Canadien.
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ARTICLES OF CAPITUALTION (1760) :
1. The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property
2. The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
3. The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
4. The people who stayed would become British Subjects. -
By 1760 New France had 70,000 people.
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1763 Treaty of Paris, 7rys war ends. All the Territory known as New France is given to the King of England except two small Islands, (St. Pierre, Miquelon).
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1-It gives the King’s new colony a name, The Province of Quebec
2-It decreases the borders to just around the St-Lawrence river valley. (The rest would be known as Indian Territory)
3-Put in place a civilian Government to run the new
Colony: The King appointed a Governor who then appointed members of an Executive Council to advise him.
4- English Criminal and Civil laws were applied.
5- Unused land would be divided by the Township System
6-No new Bishop would be allowed
7-No Roman Cat -
-Guarantees French Canadian loyalty
-Enlarges the area of Quebec
-Denied an elected assembly
-Appointed council (min.17 members)
-French civil laws were instated, tithe and seigniorial system are back
-Test Act Oath Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you’re loyal, and could hold office) -
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The British final defeat was in Yorktown 1781, and a peace treaty was signed in 1783 (Treaty of Versailles).
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The Province of Quebec was split in two pieces called Upper Canada (because it was up river) and Lower Canada (it was down river).
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Britain was at war with Napoleon (France) in Europe and the Americans thought it was a perfect time to take advantage of this.
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Steam powered locomotives are built in Britain in 1814.
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By 1815 many poor immigrants were coming from Great Britain (esp. Ireland) in search of a better way of life.
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British Party (Chateau Cliques, Tories): Controlled the councils, spent money on public works.
Parti Canadian (Parti Patriote): Controlled the assembly, power over taxes -
A list of demands by the Parti Canadian
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British Party (Chateau Cliques, Tories): Controlled the councils, spent money on public works.
Parti Canadian (Parti Patriote): Controlled the assembly, power over taxes -
The Prime minister would select members of the executive council from the assembly.
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Governor Lord Elgin would be the first to not use his veto powers, and allow the Prime minister(majority holder) to have executive powers.
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Canada creates its own currency 1853
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Seignurial System abolished in 1854
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Canada signs a Reciprocity treaty with the USA in 1854.
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By the 1860’s all the British colonies have developed Responsible Government.
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After 10 years, in 1864 the Americans said they would not renew the reciprocity treaty.
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Same members of last time agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible: A federal system, 24 seats to each colony, assembly elected by "rep by pop" and build a railway between colonies.
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Leaders of the 4 colonies meet to make arrangement to release from the British Empire to become a new self-governing colony.
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NWT: was bought from HBC
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Manitoba: initially smaller, enlarged in 1912
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British Columbia: Joined in return for railway completion
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PEI: It was in serious debt, joined to save economy
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John A. Macdonald (Conservative Party) formed a plan to promote national unity: increase customs and duties, build railways and encouraged immigration.
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From 1871-1901 the population of Qebec & Canada rose 30-49%
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Albt. and Saskt. recent settlement allowed them to be provinces.
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WW1 lasted from 1914-1918
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By 1917 there were less volunteers and Conscription was implemented. The french don't like this.
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Canada gets involved in the peace talks 1919 at Versailles, also recognized independently when the League of Nations are formed.
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The stock market crashed.
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The statute of Westminister gave Fed. Gov’t powers over Foreign Affairs.
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World War 2 lasted from 1939-1945
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Nfld. Joined up for economic reasons
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Yukon Territory: population too small to create a province.
