-
-
The pope crowned Charlemagne, ruler of the Frankish lands, to become the emperor of Rome, which established a relationship between church and king. As a result, Roman chant was imported from the Alps of Italy, along with manuscript production and illumination. Thus, Gregorian chant made its way into the Christian liturgy throughout Frankish lands. Its repertory eventually stabilized and became a preservation in written form (composers and theories were educated with this repertory in churches).
-
-
This was a treatise that describes two kinds of "singing together," both classified as organum. One species was parallel organum, which typically duplicated the principal voice (vox principalis) a fourth or fifth below by an organal voice (vox organalis) and moved in parallel motion. The other species was oblique organum in which the principal voice and the organal voice moved in oblique motion.
-
This was a treatise that contained Arezzo's teaching techniques for sight reading, including solmization-- a set of syllables (ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la) to help singers remember the pattern of whole tones and half tones in the hexachords (six steps) that began on C, G, or F, and proposed an arrangement method for notating music.
-
She was a German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, and visionary who wrote her own poems and hymns to be sung in her convents and nearby monasteries and churches. One of her most famous works was called "Ordo virtutum," which was a music drama that featured eighty-two songs for which she wrote both the poetic verse and the melody, which was uncommon among authors of tropes and sequences.
-
The Notre Dame School was a group of composers, including two known composers, Léonin and Pérotin, working in and around the cathedral who stepped beyond the boundaries of Gregorian chant. They introduced the idea of polyphony-- multiple music voices occurring simultaneously-- which set the stage for future composers like Bach's preludes. Léonin is also credited with the development of the Magnus Liber Organi (the Book of Organum), which features the motion of voices.
-
They were poet-composers of love songs who flourished in the south of France. They didn't constitute a well-defined group. Some were kings. Others came from families of merchants , craftsmen, and jongleurs but were accepted into the aristocratic circle because of their accomplishments. Many of them snag their own songs, but those who did not entrusted the performance to a minstrel.
-
-
-
-
This was a treatise that proposed that individual notes could have their own durations that were independent of context. This treatise later became the foundation for the mensural notation system and the ars nova style.
-
He was the first composer to single-handedly write a polyphonic setting of the mass ordinary. In most of this four-part setting, he employed the Ars Nova technique of isorhythm.
-
This was a treatise titled by Philippe de Vitry that proposed new developments in notation, allowing for notes to be written with greater written independence. It also mixed sacred and secular styles of music (texts/melodies) wherewith secular music acquired much of the polyphonic structures that were previously found only in sacred music. Other new techniques and forms that became prevalent for aesthetic effect were isorhythm and isorhythmic motet.
-
He was known for writing pieces in his favorite form which was the ballata, an Italian song form where the sections were organized as AbbaA with the first and last lines sharing the same texts. He is also credited for a cadence formula that was distinctively common in 14th century music known as the Landini cadence, in which the leading tone dropped down to the sixth scale degree before approaching the ending tonic note.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
A professional female ensemble that performed and flourished, especially in Ferrara, Italy.
-
One of the earliest known pieces that designated specific instruments in its printed parts and indicated dynamics. It was composed by Giovanni Gabrieli at St. Marks Cathedral in Venice, Italy.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
