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set of rules for the Office on running a monastery,
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-Importance of monastery grew
-under more centralized/stable gov't, the arts began to flourish
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9th century musical treatise, first surviving attempt to set up rules of performance in polyphony in western music
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9th century musical treatise and commentary (companion of Musica enchiriadis)
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nuemues used to indicate melodic gesture for each syllable, served as reminders for the structure of the melody but could not be sight read, so learning was still done by ear
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parallel organum and mixed/oblique organum (early polyphony)
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examples of early sequences
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elaborated the music notation system (4 lines, specific notes but no sense of absolute pitch), devised early sofege syllables to aid sight singing, developed "Guidonian hand" to train singers
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a practical guide for singers; covers notes, intervals, the 8 modes, melodic composition, and improvised polyphony; written by Guido of Arezzo
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-One of the first known composers, the first of whom we have a large body of work for, and first WOMAN composer whose name we know
-Abbess of S. German monastery
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versus in anquitanian polyphony; represents florid organum style; appears in score notation (lines up the notes of the two voices, creating first attempts at rhythm notation)
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note-against-note organum (early polyphony)
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(12th century)
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(early 12th century)
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one of the best known/most influential troubadours, brought troubadour traditions to the North to inspire trouveres
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first "named composer; known through "Anonymous IV"; worked and Notre Dame and nearby monastery, compiled Magnus Liber Organi (Great Book of Organum)
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earliest surviving music drama
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(technically late 12th to early 13th centuries, during Leonin and Perotinus' time)
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editied Magus Liber and made many better clauelae, wrote 3 and 4 voice organa (tripla, quadrupla)
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one of the widely know of his/and all troubadour songs, example of fine amour
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Ars antiqua, also called ars veterum or ars vetus, is a term used by modern scholars to refer to the Medieval music of Europe during the High Middle Ages (covers the Notre Dame school of polyphony and early development of the motet)
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combined organum and discant styles, compositional devices gave sections in organum coherence and variety
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Summarized the 6 rhythmic modes being used at the time.
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Italian poet, prose writer, literary theorist, moral philosopher, and political thinker; best known for the monumental epic poem La commedia, later named La divina commedia (The Divine Comedy).
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collection of poems in Galician-Portugese language with musical notation, monophonic songs all involving the Virgin Mary, example of the multi ethnic/religious count Alfonso held
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collection of organa/treatise; contained 2 voice settings of solo portions of responsorial chants; intended for use at Notre Dame
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wrote music in Roman de Fauvel, credited with starting Ars Nova period
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most important composer/poet of French Ars Nova period, work copied multiple times in manuscripts (great preservations), wrote first hand accounts of how he worked/what happened in his life
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14th century Italian cultural history; largest surviving body of music was secular polyphony (composed/sung as refined entertainment for literate audiences in courts/cities)
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Italian scholar and poet during the early Italian Renaissance, and one of the earliest humanists; rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Italian Renaissance and the founding of Renaissance humanism; wrote Il Canzoniere
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Dante Alighieri
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Developments in notation allowed notes to be written with greater rhythmic independence, shunning the limitations of the rhythmic modes which prevailed in the thirteenth century; secular music acquired much of the polyphonic sophistication previously found only in sacred music; and new techniques and forms, such as isorhythm and the isorhythmic motet, became prevalent. (ended with death of Machaut)
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allegorical poem that satirizes corrupt politicians/church officials, contains first examples Ars Nova written by Philipe de Vitry, example of music/poetry/art being used for protest
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ars nova treatise, Philippe de Vitry
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leading composer of ballate and foremost Italian musician of the Trecento; "created"/popularized the landini cadence
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frame story containing a hundred tales told by a group of ten young men and women sheltering in a villa just outside Florence to escape the Black Death, which had struck the city; shows how people used art/music to cope with hardship
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Ars subtilior is a musical style characterized by rhythmic and notational complexity, centered on Paris, Avignon in southern France, and also in northern Spain at the end of the fourteenth century. The style also is found in the French Cypriot repertory. Rhythmic complexities made possible by new notational signs/practices (vertical combinations of different mensurations)
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The Western Schism, also called Papal Schism, Great Occidental Schism and Schism of 1378, was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which two men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and each excommunicated the other.
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most highly regraded English composer of the early 1400s; composer most often sited as influencing continental composers
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French composer from Rheims; it has been suggested that Cordier was the nom de plume of Baude Fresnel; works are considered among the prime examples of ars subtilior
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associated with Burgundian court; most famous composer of his time; traveled widely; large contributor of the development of the international style
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worked in service of English and Burgundian nobles; most important composer at the court of Philip the Good; works widely copied and imitated by others; wrote 'De plus en plus'
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illuminated manuscript compiled in Florence in the early 15th century. It is the single largest primary source of music of the 14th-century Italian Trecento
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largest, most complete, and most significant source of English sacred music of the late 14th and early 15th centuries, and as such represents the best source for late Medieval English music.
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one of the most renowned composers in the generation after Du Fay; worked in N. Europe; served Kings of France; praised for his masses
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Binchois
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French composer and poet of the early Renaissance Burgundian School; noted as a composer of motets and other sacred music; was one of the most renowned 15th-century composers of secular chansons; serve Charles the Bold, Mary of Burgundy, and Maximilian of Hapsburg; most prolific and widely praised chanson composer of his time
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motet by Du Fay; contained connections to the architecture of the church and the dome the song was dedicated to; use of isorhythmic motet connected the music to the past for the important occasion
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Franco-Flemish/born and trained in the Low Countries; traveled widely; singer/composer in different churches in Florence; court composer for the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I; musical knowledge was the most pan-Eurpoean out of his colleagues; wrote Choralis Constantinus; adapted Italian homophonic style for his German lieder (2 of the 3 Franco-Flemish composers w/ a general style)
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Frano-Flemish/born and trained in the Low Countries; traveled widely; most influential composer of his time; held various prestigious positions at courts/churches in France and Italy; appeared in a large number of manuscripts (more than any composer before 1500), but some of his authorship is questioned; showed greatly increased interest during the Renaissance in the individual artist/artwork and the power of music to express feelings/ideas (3 of the 3 Franco-Flemish composers)
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cyclic mass by Du Fay based on one of his own chansons; earliest know complete mass to use a secular tune for the cantus-firmus, creating a tradition for composers to do so
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Franco-Flemish/born and trained in the Low Countries; traveled widely; worked in churches, became Master of the Chapel at one point; wrote 30 masses, 27 motets, numerous chansons, song in Dutch, and instrumental pieces; music remarkably clear and comprehensive (1 of the 3 big Franco-Flemish composers w/ a general style)
(*birth year either 1457 or 58) -
son of Philip the Good
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France absorbs the Duchy of Burgundy
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ended centuries of coexisting/mutual influence between Muslims, Jews, and Christians in Spain
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became creating it in 1530 so he could legally divorce his wife
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