-
Very slow changes in life and culture. DISSEMINATION of knowledge. Very large territory crumbled, hard to keep such a large land claim intact, territory was divided into several smaller successor polities. Historians generally agree the Fall of Rome began when Odocer became the king of Italy and forced Rome's last emperor, Augustulus to give up his crown.
-
Ordinary vs. Proper
-
"Middle Ages". Begins with the Fall of Rome in 476. Most extant music from this time is considered sacred. The Church played a large part in the creation and "understanding" of music. Composers at this time had knowledge of Greek theory and older ideas surrounding music, but had no extant examples as we now have.
-
The Roman Dialect of Chant, organized and cataloged by Pope Gregory, which ruled from around 715 to pproximately 731.
-
(991-1033) Italian credited with inventing the staff. Suggested a red line for F and a yellow line for C.
Advocated for sight-singing using syllables and Diastematic notation. Wrote one of the earliest treatise on usical composition and polyphony. -
(1098-1179) Composed first morality play (Sybil of the Rhine). Writer, composer, theologian. Made 77 meldies.
-
(1130-1200) Possibly finest of the troubadour pets, important because more music of his survives than any other 12th-Century poet. 44 songs (18 with complete melodies)
-
(1135-1201) Master of Organum purum at Cathedral of Notre Dame. Magnus Liber
-
(1170-1230) Poet, worked at Viennese court. Wrote earliest surviving minnesinger melody. Contemporaries of his time considered him the leading composer and poet among Minnesinger
-
(1180-1238) Master of discant organum at the Cathedral of Notre Dame. Wrote 3 and 4 voice organum.
-
(1183-1205) Troubadour with wide ranging melodies.
-
Secular, Nobility, Non-nobility. French, Latin, or both. More text than chant. Instrumental inclusion. 6 rhythmic modes.
-
Earliest harmonization of the chant. In the beginning of the 13th century, based tenor was becoming altered, fragmented, and hidden beneath secular tunes.
-
Only female troubadour to have a surviving melody.
-
(1213-1239) Trouvere who wrote in many genres and forms. Also a monk at Arras. 23 poems with 13 surviving melodies
-
(1245-1285) one of the last trouveres, wrote in/with polyphony. 7 motets, and unknown chansons and musical plays
-
(1291-1361) "Inventor of new art". French composer, poet, theorist, bishop, introduced mensural notation. Ars Nova (1322-1323). Motets (some were isorhythmic!)
-
(1300-1377) Leading composer of Ars Nova. Importance and Innovations cannot be overstated. Mass of Notre Dame with over 400 poems, 23 motets, and 42 ballades to his name.
-
(?-1397) Most famous Italian composer, popular because of his improvements in instrumental music. Was blind!
-
(1397-1474) First important Renaissance composer. Utilized older medieval cadences. Contributed many motets and chansons (90 and 87, respectively).
-
(1410-1497) Bass singer born in Northeastern France that served three kings. 13 masses, around 5 motets.
-
"Rebirth." Europe's cultural and Artistic revolution that brought them out of the Middle Ages. Long-standing cultural achievements such as works and inventions by Leonardo Da Vinci, sonnets and plays by William Shakespeare, and art by Michelangelo. This period f European history was driven by art and artists, but was kick-started by an almost instantaneous shift in rights for the every man, with events such as the Protestant Reformation and Martin Luther's 95 Theses paving the way.
-
The inventing of the printing press greatly increased the rate at which literature could be produced and reproduced. It also allowed for items such as The Holy Bible to be transcribed in languages they were not previously available in. This, in turn, took the power of the word of the good book out of the hands of the powerful men of the church, and let the common person read and make their own assumptions of the Christian religion and its lessons, leading to found many new sects of Christianity.
-
(1450-1521) Martin Luther considered him one of the best composer of his time. French. 18 masses, 50+ motets, 65 chansons.
-
(1450-1517) Fraco-Flemish composer who influenced German music. Court composer to Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. 36 Masses. Choralis Cinstantinus.
-
(1452-1518) Leading composer of Burgundian court. 31 masses, 25 motets, Requiem.
-
(1457-1505) Dutch composer that made important contributions to large-scaled form. Important composer of masses in Europe. 26 masses, 32 motets, 30 secular works.
-
(1466-1539) First music printer and publisher. Preserved the music we know today as Renaissance music.
-
(1490-1562) complex, continuous polyphony.
-
(1505-1585) English organist who taught Byrd. Wrote for Latin and reformed English liturgies. 30 motets, 3 masses
-
(1507-1568) Dutchman who worked in Rome and Paris, famous for early madrigals and 3-7 voice masses. Chansons and masses.
-
Popularized around 1580. Utilized newly invented strings known as catlines along with rope/pulley technology to adjust tuning of the instrument, allowing it to play lower notes.
-
(1515-1565) Flemish who worked in Ferrara and Parma. 65 motets, 3 masses.
-
Religious, political, and cultural shift that would splinter a Catholic Europe, and check the power of overly ambitious religious leaders who were taking part in acts such as selling Indulgences to Christians (basically a get-out-of-Hell Free Card). Initially, the Protestant Reformation was only supposed to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, but it snowballed into so much more.
-
In a attempt to to rail against the hypocrisy and corruption of the Roman Catholic Church, Martin Luther wrote the,"Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences", more popularly known today as his 95 Theses. It is said he nailed this to the Castle Church door for all to see. This was a large part of the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
-
(1521-1603) Franco-Flemish at Viennese and Prague. mixed polyphony and homophony. One of the most prolific composers of the Renaissance. 38 masses, 319 motets, 45 chansons.
-
(1525-1594) Icon of Renaissance music for future generations. Roman style. Reformed Catholic church music. 104 masses, 375 motets.
-
(1532-1594) widely traveled, over 2000 compositions in all language. One of the most versatile composers. 60 masses, 520 motets
-
(1532-1585) Italian organist, composer, teacher. masses, motets, psalms.
-
(1534-1612) Italian. Leader of Florentine Camerata.
-
(1535-1596) Served the Dukes of Mauta and Parma. Influenced Monteverdi.
-
(1540-1623) English Catholic composer. greatest English composer. 3 masses 175 motets.
-
(1548-1611) Spanish composer, continued Palestrina's Roman style in Spain. 20 masses, motets.
-
(1553-1599) Leading madrigal composer of the last 16th century. 75 motets.
-
(1557-1602) Englishman contributed to the development of the English madrigal, important for musical publication and printing. "Triumphs of Oriana"
-
(1561-1613) Cromaticism. Neapolitan. Fascinated Stravinsky. 2 books of motets. keyboard works.
-
(1564-1616) William Shakespeare, also known as,"The Bard" was an English poet, playwright, and inventor of the Shakespearean sonnet. His works silently envelope the entire culture of story-telling today. A plethora of books, films, and other fictional stories are in some way or another a (usually unnoticed) recreation of one of Shakespeare's plays. Shakespeare basically perfected the craft of fictional storytelling.
-
(1567-1643) Ahead of his time took music to new style.
-
(1576-1623) English organist. madrigals and anthems.