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One of the most influential people in Portuguese exploration is born.
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Yonglo continued many of his father's politics, but moved the royal court to Beijing. Yonglo also hasda far-ranging curiosity about the outside world, which spurred seven voyages of exploration.
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Yonglo hoped to impress the world with the power and splendor of Ming China as well as to expand China's tribute system, and Zheng He's voyages accomplished just that.
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Donatello's bronze statue of David is quite unlike any other kind of art at the time.
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Constantinople was a Christian city before it;s fall to the Turks. After it's fall, it was taken over and converted to Islam.
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This signifies the end of fighting between France and England. They can now "catch up" on the Renaissance, which has already started in Italy.
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Multiple copies of books can now be made quicker, which makes books cheaper, and the literacy rate goes up.
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Bartolomeu was the first person to sail around the tip of Africa.
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Ferdinand and Isabella could turn their attention to exploration and trade instead of war.
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Columbus's voyage and discovery of San Salvador paved the way for European exploration.
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The Line of Demarcation helped settle who's land was whose, and both Spain and Portugal agreed to honor this line in the Treaty of Tordesillas/ The era of exploration was about to begin.
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Vasco de Gama's voyage of 27,000 gave Portugal a direct sea route to India.
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Vespucci recognized that what Christopher Columbus thought was India was really a "New World'.
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Leonardo started painting the Mona Lisa in the years before his death. Da Vinci died, leaving the painting unfinished.
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Michelangleo considered hismself a sculpture, and had never painted with frescoe before. He spent 4 years of his life tediously painting the ceiling of the Sistene Chapel.
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Rapchael's painting "School of Athens" represents philosphy as the Renaissance society understood it.
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Copernicus studies better explained the helicentric theory. He also laid the foundation for other scientists after him.
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People read Luther's 95 Thesis and the Reformation begins.
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Cortez colonized several Caribbean islands, and then headed to the mainland. His Conquistadors carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, the United States, and South America. The Spanish greatly enriched their empire and left a mark on the cultures of North and South America that exist today.
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About 20 slaves on Hispaniola attacked and killed several Spanish colonists. Larger revolts occurred throughout Spanish settlements during the 16th centruy. Uprisings continued into the 1800's.
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"The Prince" examines the faults of humans. Machicavelli was not worried about what was morally right, but what was politically effective.
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Francicso and the Spaniards crushed the Inca empire and eventually killed Atahualpa. Pizarro captured Cuzco and many other native poeples' land. By the mid 1600's, the Spanish has creating a wide-reaching American empire including New Spain and other lands in Central and South America adn the Caribbean.
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Jaques Cartier reached a river and named in the St. Lawrence. He followed it inward until he reached a large island dominated by a hill. He named the island Mont Royal, which later became known as Montreal.
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Anne Boleyn gave King Henry a girl child, and she fell out of Hnery's favor. She was imprisoned in the Tower of London and later beheaded.
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Edward was the son that King Henry had been hoping for, so he could have an heir.
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The contrubutions of the Jesuits to the late Renakssance were significant. They educated children and illiterate people in the teachings of Christianity.
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The years from 1547 to 1560 are often called Ivan's "good period" during which he won great victories, added lands to Russia, gave Russia a code of laws, and ruled justly.
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Age of Absolute Monarchs
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Mary switches the church back to Catholicism, and persecutes many Protestants in the process. (was nicknamed "Bloody Mary")
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Elizbeth restored Protestantism when she became Queen. Parliament declared Elizabeth as the head of the Church of England (Anglican Church).
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Philip helped defend Catholicism against the Muslims of hte Ottoman empire and the Protestants of Europe.
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Spain was no longer the top power of Europe, and other countries would compete to fill the power void.
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The English created this company for trade in the Asian region, and they were less powerful than the Dutch East India Company, and were forced to leave.
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Kepler concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion. Kepler's conclusions mathematically proved that the planets revolve around the sun.
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The Dutch and English broke Portuguese control of the Asian region. The two nations battled for control for control of the land. Each created and East India Company, but the Dutch East India was richer and more powerful than England's company. THe Dutch eventually drove out the English and established their dominance over the region.
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By the time Elizabeth died, she left a huge debt for her successor to deal with. James Stuart, the king of Scotland, also became King of England when Elizabeth died. Englang and Scotland now shared a ruler.
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This publication is sometimes called the birth of the modern European novel, in that it helped pave the way for other writers.
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While Henry Hudson was looking for northwest sea route to Asia, he explored three waterways near present day New Yorka thta were laer name for him-the Hudson River, Hudson Bay, and Hudson Strait.
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William Shakespeare died before his writings became widely recognized.
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Cardinal Richelieu takes many steps including moving against the Huguenots, forbidding Protestant cities from having walls, and ordering nobles to take down thier castles. All these things led to increased power of the Bourbon monarchy.
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Galileo's findings frightened the Church, because the ideas he puiblished went against those of the church and authority. Galileo was put under house arrest for the rest of his life, but his books and ideas spread all over Europe.
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Parliament passed laws to limit royal power, and Charles I tried to arrest Parliament's leaders. Supporters and opponents of King Charles fought the English Civil War. His opponents held the king prisoner, tried him for treason, found him guilty, and killed him. His execution was revolutionary.
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Spain, Austria, and the Holy Roman Empire are weakened, while France is strengthed. All of the states recognize each other as equals, and negotiations between countries change as well.
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In his social contract, Hobbes says that because people act in thier own self-interest, the ruler needed total power to keep citizens under control. This idea is used in many modern governments.
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Charles II restored the monarchy (the Restoration.) of England. Charles also restored the theater, sporting events, dancing, and theater.
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Louis XIV takes control of the government when Cardinal Mazarin dies. Louis weakens the power of nobles by excluding them from his councils. The death of Mazatin also allowed Louis to install the economic policies of Jean Baptiste Colbert.
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The King of England, Charles the II, granted his brother, the Dke of York, permission to drive the Dutch out of New Netherland. When the duke's fleet arrived, the Dutch surrendered. The Duke of York claimed the colony for England and renamed it New York. WIth the Dutch gone, the English continued to colonize the Atlantic Coast of North America.
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La Salle claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley for France, and by the early 1700's, New France covered what is now the midwest United States and eastern Canada.
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Locke believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves, and that they had the natural ability to govern their own affairs. He criticized absolute monarchies and favored the idea the idea of self-government. His ideas have an influence on some types of government today.
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Peter became one of Russia's greatest reformers, and he alo continued the trend of increasing the czar's power.
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While in western Europe, Peter leanred about European customs and indistrial techniques. He used these learnings later to help "westernize" Russia.
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The Treaty of Utrecht was signed. Britain took from Spain a fortress that controlled the entrance to the Mediterraneanl Spain also granted a British compamny permission to send enslaved Africans to Spain's American colonies.
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Charles VI persuaded the other leaders of Europe to recognize his eldest daughter-Maria Theresa-as the hier to all his Hapsburg territories. This was suppoed to garuntee Maria Theresa a peaceful reign, but instead she faced wat with Prussia as her main enemy.
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Frederick commited himself to reforming Prussia. He granted many religious freedoms, reduced censorship, and improved education. He also reformed the justice system and abolished the use of torture. From the beginning of his reign, Frederick made it clear that his goal was to serve and strengthen his country.
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Montesquieu believed that there should be separation of power with branches of government. Each branch of government would serve as a check on the other two. This idea would later be called "Checks and Balances". This idea is used in our government today.
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Diderot's "Encyclopedia" brought together all the most current and enlightened thinking about science, technology, art, government, and more. His "Encyclopedia" was the foundation for real and online encyclopedias today.
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As France and England's colonie expanded, they began to interfere with each other. A dispute over land claims in the Ohio Valley led to a war between the British and French. This conflict became known as hte French and Indian War, which became part of a larger conflict known as the Seven Years War.
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Britain and France were both competeing economically in India. Britain emerged as the real victor of the war, and France lost its colonies in Norh America, and Britain gained sole economic domination of India.
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Baccaria says that the severity of the punishment should be equal to that of the crime. He also said that the capital punishment should be abolished. Some of his ideas are used on our government today.
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Russia, Prussia, and Austria each tried to assert thier influence over Poland. These neighbors grabbed Poland's territory until it dissapeared off the map. As a result, Russia, Prussia, and Austria all gained land.
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Catherine had previously favored an end to serfdom. However, the revolt convinced her that she needed the nobles' support to keep her throne. She gave nobles absolute power over the serfs, and as a result Russion serfs lost thier last traces of freedom.
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Samuel Adams organized a raid against 3 British ships in Boston Harbor, and hte raiders dumped 342 chests of tea into the water. This was just the beginning of the rebellious acts that led to the American Revolutionary War.
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After the exchange of gunfire at Lexington, the fighting spread to Concord. When news of the fighting reached the Second Continental Congress, its members voted to raise an army under the command of a Virginian named George Washington. This marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War.
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The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson, was firmly based on the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment. This document made America offically separate from Britain, and laid the foundation for the U.S. becoming a strong and independent nation.
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The Constitution outlines our government itself, and, along with the Bill of Rights, puts into place both checks-and-balances and a federal system. The signing of the Constitution marked the beginning of a free country.
