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Herbert Hoover's tenure as the 31st president of the United States began on his inauguration on March 4, 1929, and ended on March 4, 1933. Hoover, a Republican, took office after a landslide victory in the 1928 presidential election over Democrat Al Smith of New York.
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The stock market crash of 1929 was a sudden and severe downturn in US stock prices that contributed to the start of the Great Depression. Known also as the Great Crash, it began with a massive sell-off in October 1929, erasing billions in wealth and undermining consumer confidence. While not the sole cause, the crash exposed deep weaknesses in the economy and triggered a decade-long period of global economic turmoil.
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The Dust Bowl was an environmental and economic disaster in the Great Plains region of the U.S. during the 1930s, characterized by severe drought and dust storms that destroyed farmland and caused mass migration
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The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, passed in 1930, was a U.S. law that significantly raised import duties to protect American farmers and manufacturers during the early Great Depression. However, it triggered retaliatory tariffs from other countries, leading to a drastic reduction in global trade and helping to worsen the economic downturn. The act is now widely viewed by economists as a damaging policy that exacerbated the Depression
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Hoovervilles were makeshift shantytowns of homeless people during the Great Depression, built from scavenged materials and named derisively after President Herbert Hoover, who was blamed for the economic crisis. These communities sprung up across the U.S., providing shelter and a stark symbol of the widespread poverty, unemployment, and desperation of the era
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In 1930, the United States experienced the beginning of a period of intense banking panics and failures, with over 1,300 banks failing that year and thousands more failing in the following years, reaching a peak by 1933. This wave of failures was triggered by factors including the stock market crash of 1929, growing public anxiety, and the collapse of major institutions like Caldwell and Company and the Bank of United States, which sparked widespread bank runs and a contraction of the money
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The Scottsboro Boys case involved nine African American teenagers who were falsely accused of raping two white women in Alabama in 1931. The multiple trials and appeals over several years became a notorious example of racial injustice in the Jim Crow South and produced two landmark Supreme Court decisions
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The "Bonus Army" was a group of approximately 15,000-20,000 unemployed World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in the summer of 1932 to demand early payment of their promised service bonus
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Roosevelt began on January 20, 1941, when he was once again inaugurated as the 32nd president of the United States, and the fourth term of his presidency ended with his death on April 12, 1945. Roosevelt won a third term by defeating Republican nominee Wendell Willkie in the 1940 presidential election.
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The Bank Holiday of 1933 was a four-day suspension of all banking transactions in the United States, from March 6 to March 9, 1933, following the collapse of the banking system during the Great Depression. Declared by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the holiday allowed for the examination of the nation's banks to determine which were sound enough to reopen, a move that ultimately restored confidence in the financial system when banks reopened on March 13, 1933.
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President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his first fireside chat, on the Emergency Banking Act, eight days after taking office
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During President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, an informal network of more than 100 African American government employees formed the Federal Council on Negro Affairs. More popularly known as the "Black Cabinet," they worked to lobby the administration for equal rights and opportunities for African Americans
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The FDIC was created in 1933 by the Banking Act of 1933, signed into law by President Roosevelt, in response to widespread bank failures during the Great Depression. Its primary purpose is to maintain stability and public confidence in the nation's financial system by insuring deposits in banks and thrift institutions up to a certain limit. The agency officially began insuring deposits on
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The 1934 Indian Reorganization Act (IRA), also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act, reversed U.S. assimilation policies by promoting tribal self-governance and ending the harmful land allotment process
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The National Housing Act of 1934, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 27, 1934, was a New Deal law that established the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to stimulate the housing market during the Great Depression
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The provided statement accurately describes the Social Security Act, a landmark 1935 federal law signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, which established the U.S. Social Security program. The Act created a safety net by providing a system of old-age insurance (retirement benefits), unemployment compensation (unemployment insurance), and public assistance for dependent mothers and children, the blind, and persons with disabilities