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Ancient Babylonian tablets show knowledge of the distinction between the moving planets and the stars, and the recognition that the movement of planets are regular and periodic.
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describes the origin of the universe in which a “cosmic egg” or Brahmanda, containing the Sun, Moon, planets and the whole universe, expands out of a single concentrated point before subsequently collapsing again, reminiscent of the much later Big Bang and oscillating universe theories.
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becomes arguably the first to formulate a kind of molecular theory of matter, and to regard the physical universe as subject to the rule of rationality or reason.
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holds that the universe is composed of very small, indivisible and indestructible building blocks known as atoms, which then form different combinations and shapes in an infinite void.
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describes a geocentric universe in which the fixed, spherical Earth is at the centre, surrounded by concentric celestial spheres of planets and stars. Although he portrays the universe as finite in size, he stresses that it exists unchanged and static throughout eternity.
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proposes that the apparent daily motion of the stars is created by the rotation of the Earth on its axis once a day, and that the Sun annually circles a central Earth, while the other planets orbit the Sun
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proved that the Earth was round, and made a remarkably accurate calculation of its circumference and its tilt
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assert a kind of “island universe” in which a finite cosmos is surrounded by an infinite void
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makes the first measurement of the precession of the equinoxes, and compiles the first star catalogue
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describes a geocentric model, largely based on Aristotelian ideas, in which the planets and the rest of the universe orbit about a stationary Earth in circular epicycles
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proposes that the Earth rotates on its axis once daily and travels around the Sun once a year, and demonstrates that the motions of celestial objects can be explained without putting the Earth at rest in the centre of the universe.
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Johannes Kepler
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develops an astronomical telescope powerful enough to indentify moons orbiting Jupiter, sunspots on the Sun and the different phases of Mercury, all of which are instrumental in convincing the scientific community of the day that the heliocentric Copernican model of the Solar System is superior to the geocentric Ptolemiac model.
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he establishes the three Laws of Motion (“a body persists its state of rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force”; “force equals mass times acceleration”; and “to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”) and the Law of Universal Gravitation (that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle according to an inverse-square formula) that were not to be improved upon for more than two hundred years.
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Halley of england correctly predicts the return of a comet
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The discovery of Uranus by Herschel
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Messier discovers galaxies, nebula and star clusters while looking for comets. He compiles a catalogue of these objects
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its created for studying the sun
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Albert Einstein introduces special Theory of Relativity in paper Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies.
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Hubble shows that galaxies exist outside the Milky Way galaxy.
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First man in space
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John Glenn becomes first American man to orbit Earth.
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Armstrong and Aldrin walk on the Moon as part of Apollo 11 mission.
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Galileo space probe reaches Jupiter.
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Chandra X-ray Observatory is put into orbit. Col. Eileen Collins becomes first woman shuttle commander.
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New evidence found for water on Mars.
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is launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in China. It carries Yang Liwei who becomes the first man sent into space by the Chinese space program. China sets goals for an eventual manned space station and a manned mission to the Moon.
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After parachuting through the atmosphere and then bouncing to a stop using giant air bags, the Mars rover Spirit lands on the red planet in a location known as Gusev crater.
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After a journey of 174 days, the Deep Impact space probe fulfills its mission by slamming into a comet known as Tempel 1. The probe impacts the comet at a speed of 10.3 kilometers (6.3 miles) per second.
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After a journey of nearly seven years and 2.9 billion miles (4.6 billion kilometers), NASA's Stardust mission successfully comes to a conclusion in the desert salt flats of the Utah Test and Training Range. The capsule safely parachutes to the ground after collecting dust and particle samples from comet Wild 2. The samples are collected by the probe in the comet's coma within 147 miles (236 kilometers) of the comet’s nucleus
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A company called SpaceX becomes the first private company to launch a spacecraft to orbit and return it safely to the Earth
