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The Romans extended their authority to the Arabian peninsula, transforming it into a province of their growing empire. The region was inhabited primarily by the Bedouin Arabs, nomadic peoples who came originally from the northern part of the peninsula.
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The econimic importance of the Arabian peninsula began to increase.
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Muhammad was born in Mecca to a merchant family and orphaned at the age of six. Muhammad grew up to become a caravan manager and married a rch widow, Khadija. For several years he lived in Mecca as a merchant.
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The most important man in the ancient time.
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The first revelation Muhammad's first revelation was on the mountain called Jabal an-Nour, near Mecca, it was the Arch-angel Gabriel revealed to him a verse from the Quran.
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Muhammad and some of his closest supporters left the city and retreated north to the rival city of Yathrib(later renamed Medina). This flight, known in history as the Hegira, marks the first date on the official calendar of Islam. At the city he formed the first Muslim community(the umma).
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Muhammad made a symbolic visit to the Ka'aba, he declared it a sacred shrine of Islam and ordered the destruction of the idols of the traditional faith.
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The Conquest Of MeccaMuhammad conquered Mecca and converted the townspeople to the new faith.
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Muhammad died, and the spread of Islam was just began throughtout the peninsula.
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After the death of Muhammad, Muslim scholars, known as the ulama, drew up a law code, called the Shari'a, to provide believers with a set of prescriptions to regulate their daily lives.
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Shortly after Muhammad's death, a number of his closest folllowers selected Abu Bakr as caliph(successor).
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In 636,the Muslims defeated the Byzantine army at the Yarmuk River, north of the Dead Sea. In 640, Muslims took possession of the Byzantine province of Syria.
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In 637, the Arabs defeated a Persian force.
In 650, the Arabs conquer the entire empire of the Sassanids.
In the meantime, Egypt and other areas of North Africa were also brought under Arab authority. -
After Abu Bakr's death, the office was passed to Umar, another of Muhammad's followers. In 656, Umar's successor, Uthman, was assassinated, and Ali, who fortuitously happened to be in Medina at that time, was selected for the position.
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Ali was assassinated, and Mu'awiya, the governor of Syria and one of Ali's chief rivals, replaced Ali in office. He made the caliphate hereditary in his own family called the Umayyads, who were a branch of the Quraishi clan. The new caliphate, with its new capital at Damascus, remained in power for nearly a century.
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New attacks were launched at both the western and the eastern ends of the Mediterranean world. Arab armies advanced across North Africa and conquered the Berbers. Muslim fleets seized several islands in the eastern Mediterranean.
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Most of the Iberian peninsula had become a Muslim state with its center in Andalusia.
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A revolt led by Abu al-Abbas, a descendant of Muhammad's uncle, led to the overthrow of the Abbasid dynasty in what is now Iraq.
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Developed by Abu al-Abbas. The Abbasid calipgs brought political, economic, and cultural change to the world of Islam.
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The Abbasids built a new capital city at Baghdad, on the Tigris River far to the east of the Umayyad capital at Damascus.
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In the eleventh centuey, the Seljuk Turks converted to Islam and flourished as military mercenaries for the Abbasid caliphate, made serious threat to the Abbasid caliphate. In 1055, a Tutkish leader captured Baghdad and assumed command of the empire with the title of sultan.
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Byzantines foolishly challenged the Turks, their army was routed at Manzikert, near Lake Van in eastern Turkey, and the victors took over most of the Anatolian peninsula.
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Sunni Muslims under the leadership of Saladin, vizier to the last Fatimid caliph, brought an end to the Fatimid dynasty.Saladin succeeded in establishing his control over both Egypt and Syria, thereby confronting the Christian states in the area with united Muslim power on two fronts.
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Saladin's army invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem and destroyed the Chrishian forces concentrated there.
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Under the leadership of Hulegu, they seized Persia and Mesopotamia, bringing an end to the caliphate at Baghdad.
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Sultan Mehmet II seized Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine dynasty.
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The text sorces:
“Conquest of Mecca” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca
“Muhammad” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad
The Picture sorces:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ModernEgypt,_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder,_BAP_17996.jpg http://kaweah.com/blog/2008/06/19/the-trinity-of-islam/ -
A new Shi'ite dunasty under the Fatimids was established in Egypt with Its capital at Cairo.
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