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Muhammad is born in Mecca.
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Muhammad receives his first revelation on Mount Hira.
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Muhammad undertakes Hijra, migration, from Mecca to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar.
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Battle of Badr
Muhammad’s forces win, resulting in a turning point for Islam against the ruling Quraysh tribe. -
Battle of Uhud
Quraysh tribe defeats Muslims -
Battle of the Trench
Quraysh troops attempt to siege Medina, Yathrib,
Lose to Muslim forces -
Siege of Bani Qurayzah:
Muslims capture the Jewish stronghold
Muhammad approves of the killing of all of the males who had reached puberty, and one female.
the rest of are sold in exchange for goods -
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah
peace agreement is signed between Muhammad’s Muslims and the people of Mecca. -
Conquest of Khaybar oasis:
Jews barricade themselves in a fort at Khaybar oasis
allowed to remain living there if they pay the Muslims one third of their produce. -
Battle of Mu’tah:
Muslims attempt to capture the village east of the Jordan River from the Byzantine Empire to show their expanding dominance
resulting in a Muslim defeat. -
First Pilgrimage ("lesser" pilgrimage or "umrah") made by Muhammad and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina.
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Attempted Siege of Ta’if
Muhammad’s forces are unable to siege Ta’if and convert its people to Islam. -
Non-violent conquest of Mecca
The Quraysh realize that the Muslims outnumber them
allow the Muslims to capture their city, Mecca, and rule it as they please. -
Battle of Hunayn
Ending in a decisive victory for the Muslims over the Bedouin tribe of Hawazin. -
Farewell Hajj Pilgrimage:
only Hajj pilgrimage in which Muhammad participates. -
Muhammad dies in Medina,
not naming a successor to lead the Muslim people. -
Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph (successor to Muhammad) of the Rashidun Caliphate.
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Umar ibn al-Khattab succeeds Abu Bakr,
becomes the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. -
Muslim Conquest of Mesopotamia.
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Muslim invasion of the Levant. The Byzantines are driven out.
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'Uthman ibn 'Affan succeeds 'Umar to become the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
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several variations in Qur'ans throughout the Islamic Empire, 'Uthman orders the establishment of one "true" Qur'an
destroys the others, 'Uthman Qur'an Codex was created and is still the acceptable Qur'an used to this day. -
'Ali ibn Abi Talib succeeds 'Uthman to become the fourth and final caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
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Hasan ibn 'Ali, Shi'a Islam's second imam (his father, 'Ali, being the first imam), is poisoned to death
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Husayn ibn 'Ali, Shi'a Islam's third imam, is beheaded by Yazid I's force at the Battle of Karbala in present-day Iraq.