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The Opportunist Period {79934 BLE 220 Messner}
1960-1965, 1980-1984 by Kaitlyn Schrey 1966-1976 by Michael Lepage 1977-1979, 1985-1989 by Cole Fahrenbruch -
Constructivism: The Process of Education by Jerome Bruner
The Process of Education - 1960
Jerome Bruner talks about Constructivism and how it would greatly change the way that learners will be able to use their previous knowledge and ideas to construct their own concepts. -
Breaking Segregation: John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (JFK)
Inaugural Address, 20 January 1961
John F. Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States of America. During the early ‘60s, this nation faced segregation issues that could not be ignored. This was the beginning of the Civil Rights era and the start of a change for the better. JFK tried his best not to ignore the protesters and activists. He knew that it was in the country’s best interest to break segregation. -
Integration: Martin Luther King, Jr.
Integration - Martin Luther King, Jr.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is known in our history books as someone whose aim was to rewrite the way race was looked at. He started with his own discrimination being the fuel that made a revolution. He led many protest and gatherings. Although those are remembered as brave and necessary things, they did not happen without consequences for Dr. Martin Luther King. -
Bilingual Education: Coral Way Elementary School
Bilingual Education
In Miami, enacted a bilingual education program that benefited the students from Cuba. It was a fairly new thing in 1963, falling before the Civil Rights Act. It was originally implemented to cater to students that did not speak fluently in English but still went to school at that particular elementary school. -
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
The day the president died: Five from Harvard recall JFK’s assassination, and what followed
" The goal of education is the advancement of knowledge and the dissemination of truth." - John F. Kennedy -
Civil Rights Act
Civil Rights Act of 1964
In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was enacted. There are certain sections in the written act itself that clearly state that the discrimination against any race, sex, religion, or color was considered illegal. Although that sounds like it has nothing to do with education, it opened doors and minds to acceptance. -
Immigration Act: Lyndon B. Johnson
The Legacy of the 1965 Immigration Act
Originally stated that only immigrants from the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Germany had spots in America reserved for them. That in itself was unconstitutional. President Lyndon B. Johnson recognized that by stating, "This system violates the basic principle of American democracy -- the principle that values and rewards each man on the basis of his merit as a man. -
National Education Association Merger
NEA Merger with ATA
The NEA (National Education Association) officially merged with the ATA (American Teachers Association, originally founded as the (NATCS) National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools) after decades of working together. -
Equality of Educational Opportunity by James Coleman
Coleman Report
James Samuel Coleman authors the Equality of Educational Opportunity (Coleman Report). It was one of the largest, nationwide studies in history and included more than 650,000 students. A seminal study conducted in order to help determine the equality of educational opportunities available to students “across boundaries of race, religion and national origin.” Concluded that socioeconomic status was more important. -
The Office for Civil Rights (OCR)
The Office for Civil Rights
The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) was created mainly as a result of the civil rights movement, more specifically the 1964 Civil Rights Act, as well as the 1965 Immigration Act. The main focus of the OCR was protecting the civil liberties of students in public education programs as well as prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, or national origin. -
LESA Bill (Limited English Speaking Ability) by Senator Ralph Yarborough
Accomplishments
Texas Senator Ralph Yarborough (known as “Smilin’ Ralph”) introduced a bill specifically to assist LESA (Limited English Speaking Ability) students. The bill recommended “the teaching of Spanish as a native language, the teaching of English as a second language, and programs designed to give Spanish-speaking students an appreciation of ancestral language and culture.” -
Title VII: Bilingual Education Act (BEA)
Public Law 90-247
Title VII evolved from Yarborough’s bill. It was signed into law by LBJ (President Lyndon Baines Johnson) as the first federal legislation in 1968 correlating with his War on Poverty campaign. The bill was passed and added to the reauthorization of the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) evolving into the more comprehensive Bilingual Education Act (BEA). -
Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund
MALDEF
The MALDEF (Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund) was incorporated in Texas and represented Mexican Americans in civil-rights lawsuits. Pete Tijerina was executive director, and Mario Obledo, a former state director of the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), was its first general counsel. Included among MALDEF's goals were litigation in education and employment. -
Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
MLK
Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated.
"The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education." - Martin Luther King, Jr. -
ESEA Funding Extended
Commission Report
The ESEA extended funding and authorized comprehensive planning and evaluation grants to state and local education agencies. The State Aid to Local Government, ACIR Report A-34 was adopted by the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. -
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
Case Information
In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled, “. . . that the case of United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education Et Al. (docket no. 798) should be reversed and remanded and upholding the law in question as constitutional.” -
Nixon distinguishes de jure from de facto segregation
The Morning Record
President "Tricky Dick" Nixon distinguishes difference between de jure segregation and de facto segregation,
"De jure segregation, of course, is that type of segregation practiced principally in the South where public boards and officials consciously discriminate along racial lines in the matter of the public education. This is illegal." -
John Stanley Pottinger
U.S. Department of Education
John Stanley Pottinger, the Director for the Office of Civil Rights at the Department of Health, Education, & Welfare, writes a memorandum to School Districts on the subject of identifying discrimination based on national origin. The purpose of the memo was to clarify policy on issues concerning equal education for national origin-minorities deficient in English. -
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
Case Information
1) Remedial plans were to be judged by their effectiveness and the use of mathematical ratios or quotas were legitimate "starting points" for solutions.
2) Predominantly or exclusively black schools required close scrutiny by courts.
3) Non-contiguous attendance zones, as interim corrective measures, were within the courts' remedial powers.
4) No rigid guidelines could be established concerning busing of students" -
Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
Case Information
The San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD), reassigned students of Chinese ancestry to other elementary public schools. These pupils were learning about their Chinese cultural heritage in the Asian schools & the parents feared that their children would lose their sense of identity upon forced assimilation. A temporary stay of proceedings was denied. -
Kānaka Maoli - ALOHA (Aboriginal Lands of Hawaiian Ancestry)
A.L.O.H.A.
No reparations granted as with other Native Americans. U.S. military occupation of ancestral Hawaiian homeland infringes freedom, liberty, culture, language, beliefs, spirituality, & identity. Native Hawaiians suffered educational inequality, national origin discrimination, & English language barriers. Movement revitalized "Hawaiian language through immersion education." -
Alaska Native Language Center
ANLC's Mission and Goal
Alaska Native Language Center (ANLC) established to research and document Native languages. ANLC provided materials, training services, and consulting for state agencies, school districts, and teachers involved in bilingual education. -
Puerto Rican Legal Defense Education Fund (PRLDEF)
Latino Justice
“Committed to justice and leadership since 1972,” Community activists, resources, and funds were consolidated under the PRLDEF which allowed for greater litigation and more lawsuits on behalf of Latinos whose equitable educational opportunities were being denied. -
Indian Education Act
ARTICLE 23A INDIAN EDUCATION
President Nixon signed Title IX of the Education Amendments which, among other issues, increased funding and provided grant programs to Native American Indians. Indian Education Act provided federal funding for Native American Indians and Alaskans while empowering parents to form advisory boards for federally operated boarding schools. The Office of Indian Education (OIE) was created. -
Keyes v. School District No. 1: Denver, Colorado
U.S. Supreme Court
Proved Denver school system practiced racial discrimination for a decade via segregation in violation of the U.S. Constitution, 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause. Burden of proof fell on Denver & key factor was intent. Final verdict further defined de facto segregation. “This case is significant because it represents one of the first instances in which the Court identified segregation in northern schools” -
Lau v. Nichols
Lau v. Nichols
Out of 2,800 non-English-speaking Chinese students in the SFUSD; 1,800 of them failed to receive supplemental English course instruction. 14th Amendment rights violated due to lack of equal education. Denied relief by U.S. District Court, petitioned for certiorari & Supreme Court granted it. Relied on Section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. -
Equal Educational Opportunity Act (EEOA), Title II
U.S. Department of Justice
Extended the Lau decision to include all students regardless of federal or state funding and LESA programs were required by school districts to overcome language barriers. -
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
Legislative History of Major FERPA Provisions
President Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.) signed into law thereby giving parents the right to their children’s education records along with the opportunity to amend them. -
ASPIRA Consent Decree
ASPIRA v. Board of Education of the City of New York
PRLDEF filed its first lawsuit on behalf of ASPIRA, “the only national Latino organization dedicated exclusively to developing the educational and leadership development of Latino youth” against the NY City Board of Education which implemented the principles of Lau v. Nichols & established New York City students’ rights to receive bilingual education. -
Native Language Instruction: BEA Amendment Title VII
1974 Amendments to the Bilingual Education Act
For the first time, Title VII, the Bilingual Education Act, specifically included native language instruction in its definition. -
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (ISDEAA)
PUBLIC LAW 93-638--JAN. 4, 1975
The ISDEAA was designed to benefit the tribes. It delegated authority to them which allowed the tribes to administer grants received. The act also empowered the tribes and allowed them to run their own programs. The ISDEAA also entitled the tribes with rights to negotiate contracts directly with the federal government. -
Boat People
The UN Refugee Agency
The end to the Vietnam War, communist control over Laos after the Fall of Saigon, & the first stages of the Cambodian genocide; created an influx of 130,000 fleeing refugees & immigrants from all 3 countries as they poured into the U.S. Some school districts got hit hard & with an unprecedented increase in ESL students. -
National Association for Bilingual Education
NABE
“A non-profit membership organization that works to ensure that language-minority students have equal opportunities to learn English and succeed academically,” The National Association for Bilingual Education (NABE) was established in 1975. Diversity, professional development of bilingual educators, secured funding, and language-minority rights are listed among NABE’s priorities. -
Michael Jean-Pierre-Kaina Lepage
Master_Kaina
June 7, 1975 is the most important date on this timeline because if not for the birth of its author, this Timeline could not exist. -
The Lau Remedies
The Lau Remedies (1975)
D/HEW task force to help school districts comply with Title VI requirements, adequate development of educational programs, and the ensured observance of LESA students’ civil rights. Guidelines specified:
1) Evaluating ELL skills for national origin student minorities.
2) “Determining appropriate instructional treatments.”
3) Adjudicating LEP student mainstream readiness.
4) Teacher standards for language--minority kids. -
Southwest High School
MPRnews
Refugees arrived in Minnesota increasing the student body 5 fold. "It was like nobody had ever arrived in Minnesota who didn't speak English before," recalls Wanda McCaa, a local Minnesota foreign language tutor who was hired by Southwest High School in Minneapolis when the first immigrants arrived. They were bussed to Wilder Elementary for ½ a day English instruction. -
“A Case Study of a Japanese Child Learning English as a Second Language” by Dr. Kenji Hakuta
Publications
“Major findings . . . of a longitudinal, naturalistic study of the acquisition of [ESL] by a five-year old Japanese girl” focused on 3 major areas:
1) Problems with prefabricated patterns
2) Order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes
3) The problem of language transfer
The argument can be made that there is still need for much more extensive empirical data before any theoretical formulations can be accurately applied. -
AB 1329 (the Chacon-Moscone Bilingual-Bicultural Education Act)
The San Diego Union-Tribune
Passed in California by Peter R. (“Pete”) Chacon, “establishing transitional bilingual education programs in public schools." AB 1329 added to the federal litigation of Lau v. Nichols & was the first California State legislative act which mandated that school districts must provide LEP language-minority students with equal educational opportunities. -
(MPS) Minneapolis Public Schools (Special School District Number 1)
MPRnews
MPS covered all of Minneapolis including Southwest High School & Wilder Elementary. MPS hired ESL teacher, Deirdre Kramer. Kramer had worked with the students at Wilder & in order to keep them integrated, she established a centralized teaching model that served all the ESL students at both Wilder & Southwest. -
Apple
The Apple II
The Apple II was launched on June 10th, 1977 revolutionizing the computer industry and bringing computers to a much wider audience than before. The Apple II was sold in various models from 1977 all the way until 1993 and ended up at many schools across the United States. What made the Apple II so revolutionary was that it was the first personal computer to be successful at a mainstream level. It was designed not for computer geeks but for the average person. -
University of California
Allan Bakke
In the Supreme Court case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the decision was made to uphold affirmative action, ruling in favor of the University of California. Allan Bakke was a 35 year old hoping to be a medical student and applied to a number of universities including UC Davis. He had the qualifications to get into schools, but unfortunately for him age was considered to be a factor in entering college. -
Jimmy Carter
Functions of Department of Education
In 1979 President Jimmy Carter signed into law the Department of Education Organization Act on October 17th, 1979. Before this education had been attached to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. This act provided for the first time a specific organization directly focused on education in the United States. -
Accountability
Federal-State Education Policy
The Standards and Accountability Movement is a movement that is still intact today. It basically shows how standardized testing in schools accounts for students’ intelligence. All too often, schools are test-heavy. Students spend time preparing for tests, acing them, failing them, and not taking them seriously. -
Educational Consolidation and Improvement Act
Education Consolidation and Improvement Act
The Educational Consolidation and Improvement Act was initially written in order to make the process of hiring elementary and secondary school administration easier with the abolishing of unnecessary paperwork. If the paperwork that was considered “unimportant” was done away with, then the school would be able to save money to put in to other important programs. -
Plyler V. Doe
American Immigration Council
Plyler V. Doe was a court case that made it illegal to deny a student free education based on their immigration status. The court justified “By denying these children a basic education, we deny them the ability to live within the structure of our civic institutions, and foreclose any realistic possibility that they will contribute in even the smallest way to the progress of our Nation.” -
Report of the National Commission on Excellence in Education
Federal-State Education Policy
The Report of the National Commission on Excellence in Education was brought up by Ronald Reagan. There was a significant decline in academic performance by students around this time. Not only was there a lack of performance, teachers that were responsible for the students did not care if they passed or failed. Reagan put in place an educational reform that lasted for 20 years. -
Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act
H.R. 4164 (98th)
Reagan signed the Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act, funding schools on vocational education for families that are single-parented, handicapped, & stay-at-home. This was important because the economy hurt people’s families back then. Minorities from poor backgrounds would struggle to find funding to attend school. -
English Plus Movement
The National Language Policy
Movement was formed in response to the English only movement, which wanted to make English the only official language in the U.S. They wanted English to be the only language spoken at government institutions, including schools. The English Plus movement implies English plus the ability to speak another language. To be able to speak two languages is a coveted skill. -
Bilingual Education Act
Bilingual Education Act Amendments
1986 amendments to the Bilingual Education Act gave more flexibility to states with teaching methods & funding for bilingual education. This amendment helped create further program heterogeneity across the U.S., giving states and school districts a more hands off approach from the government by removing some requirements and pressure for bilingual education programs. -
Bilingual Education Improvement Act
H.R.1755 - Bilingual Education Improvement Act of 1987
The Bilingual Education Improvement Act of 1987 was a major event in shaping bilingual education toward the future. The act basically requires states to meet grade and graduation promotion time constraints if they are receiving funding under this act. -
California
California Proposition 98, Mandatory Education Spending (1988)
California approved Proposition 98 which grants more money toward K14 by ensuring that a minimum percentage of the state budget be spent on education. The bill also ensures that an annual increase in the education budget will occur. -
Education Summit
1989 Education Summit
Education Summit in Charlottesville. The summit was held between September 27-28th and included the President of the United States, the recently elected George Bush Sr. and first lady Barbara Bush. The summit discussed one of the 7 goals for each student in the United States to have the ability to learn and speak a second language by 2002.
