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Period: 1700 BCE to 1800 BCE
Antiquity and Middle Ages
(unit 1)
NEGHA -
200 BCE
the sicilian epiphate / the epiphate of seikilios
Alejandra. It is the oldest complete musical composition currently preserved. It was discovered in 1883 by William Mitchell Connor Ramsay in Turkey and was kept in a museum in Smyrna until it was lost during the Asia Minor Holocaust (1919-1922) but is currently in the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. The song is sad, classified as a skolion or 'drinking song'. The speed of the song is unknown, as it is not written in the notation. -
600
Gregorian chant
Alejandra. Its name is attributed to Pope Gregory the Great, its origin is in ancient ecclesiastical music sung in the liturgy or mass of the Roman rite. At the beginning of the 20th century it received a boost from Saint Pius. Christian music was a sung prayer, which had to be performed not in a purely material way, but with feeling, that is, it should come from your heart to sing to God. Gregorian chant cannot be understood without the text since it is what gives meaning to the melody. -
1025
Guido d´ Arezzo
Alejandra. Guido of Arezzo was an Italian monk who transformed the way music was written and taught. He introduced the tetragram, a four-line system that served as a precursor to the modern staff, allowing for greater precision in indicating the pitch of notes. He also developed the solfege system, using syllables like ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, based on a religious hymn. This method made it easier for singers to memorize melodies. -
1098
Hildegard von Bingen
A German Benedictine abbess, composer, philosopher born in 1098 and died in 1179. She´s known for her visionary theology, writings on natural medicine, and one of the earliest female composers of sacred music. Her compositions, in Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum, is expressive. Her work stands out for its spirituality, with chants that celebrate the divine and Virgin Mary. Hildegard’s music is unique to medieval liturgical music, and her pieces are still performed today. NEGHA -
1098
Bernart de Ventadorn
A troubadour of the 12th century, that died circa 1994. He refined the art of love lyrics in Occitan, language of medieval southern France. He centered on unrequited love. His lyrical beauty and melodic simplicitY helped his music spread widely. He reached Provence, inspiring across Europe, including Italian and French courts. The song "Can vei la lauzeta mover" is an example of troubadour poetry. His works shaped love poetry in Western literature and had a impact on Renaissance music. NEGHA -
1135
Leonin
Alejandra. He was a French composer, poet and teacher. From 1150 to 1160 he was administrator of the cathedral in Paris and in 1192 he was ordained a priest in the Notre Dame Cathedral. Together with Perotín, he was the first known composer of polyphonic organum, from the School of Notre Dame. Nothing more is known about him but an anonymous English monk, , wrote a century after his death that Léonin was the best organum composer. -
Period: 1170 to 1310
ars antiqua
Alejandra. It is the music of Europe from the late Middle Ages. It was developed in France. Generally the term is limited to sacred music, excluding the secular song cultivated by troubadours and minstrels. It is a song for two or three voices of a contrapuntal nature and each voice sings a different text. -
1180
Perotín
Alejandra. He was a medieval French composer, born in 1160 and died in 1230. He was considered the most important composer of the Notre Dame school. He composed works for three and four voices at the beginning of the 13th century which are among the most successful in ecclesiastical polyphony. His most important work is Viderunt omnes, a commission from the ecclesiastical authorities to celebrate Christmas in 1198. -
1221
Alfonso X el Sabio
A King of Castile, León, and Galicia he impacted on medieval music, through the Cantigas de Santa Maria, largest monophonic songs from the Middle Ages. It has over 400 songs in Galician-Portuguese celebrating the Virgin Mary. The music is melodic, repetitive, and rhythmic. He shaped las Cantigas into a fusion of Christian, Islamic, and Jewish influences. His support helped preserve Spain's musical heritage and promoted music as a cultural expression, resonating well after his era. NEGHA. -
1300
Guillaume de Machaut
French poet and composer, a very important figure of medieval era in Western music. He´s known for pioneering Ars Nova style, introducing complex rhythms and polyphony, departing from Ars Antiqua. His work, the Messe de Nostre Dame, is a masterpiece of medieval polyphony. In addition to sacred music, he composed secular songs like ballades and much more, his contributions helped Western music to develop, influencing composers in the late Middle Ages. NEGHA -
Period: 1310 to 1380
ars nova
Alejandra. It was the innovation of music in this century, having great importance in Western Europe, especially in France and Italy, some of the most famous composers were Philippe de Vitry,
Jehan de Lescurel,
Guillaume de Machaut,
P. des Molins... -
1325
Francesco Landini.
Italian composer, poet, and organist of the late medieval time. Known for contributing to the trecento music, in the development of Italian secular song. Characterized by intricate melodies and sophisticated harmonies. He composed over 150 works, with settings for poetry that often explored love and nature. His ballatas were a lyrical style that became a standard form in Italian music. Landini had skills as an organist and he invented the portative organ, an early keyboard instrument. NEGHA -
Period: 1400 to
Renaissance
(unit 2)
NEGHA -
1468
Johannes Gutenberg
A german born around 1400 and died in 1468. He wasn´t exactly a musician but his invention of the movable printing press revolutionized music distribution. Before, musical scores were copied by hand, which was time consuming and expensive. With his printing press, sheet music became accessible to more people, spreading musical ideas across Europe. This made a huge development of Renaissance music and later it would still be shared and preserved in the upcoming centuries. NEGHA -
1496
Juan del Encina
Alejandra. Spanish composer, poet and playwright, considered one of the main precursors of the Renaissance in Spanish music. Known for his Christmas carols and secular music, and for being one of the first to integrate music into theater. His work marked the change from medieval to Renaissance music in Spain, influencing later generations. -
1500
Cristóbal de Morales
Spanish composer of the Renaissance polyphonic sacred music, born around 1500 and died in 1553. He used to be a singer and composer in the papal choir in Rome, creating masses, motets, and lamentations. His Missa Mille Regretz, based on a chanson by Josquin des Prez, is really admired for its emotional depth and intricate polyphony. His music had a profound influence on Spanish and European sacred music, turning into one of Spain’s finest Renaissance composers. NEGHA -
1510
Antonio de Cabezón
Spanish composer and organist of the Renaissance, born in 1510 and died in1566, often regarded as one of the greatest early keyboard composers. Known especially for his works for organ and harpsichord, his compositions include tientos, variations, and hymns, with an expressive depth. His Obras de música para tecla, arpa y vihuela, became influential in keyboard music, solidifying himself as a pioneer in polyphonic instrumental music. NEGHA -
1517
Martin Lutero
Ale. Martin Luther was born in 1483 and died in 1546. He was a German theologian who played a key role in the Protestant Reformation. He criticized the Catholic Church in his 95 Theses, especially the sale of indulgences. He defended justification by faith, the authority of the Scriptures, and direct access to God for believers. He translated the Bible into German, enabling even more people to understand the Scriptures. This gave rise to Lutheranism and transformed European Christianity. -
1525
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
Italian Renaissance composer born in 1525 and died in1594. His work was smooth, balanced style of polyphonic music. Known as the Prince of Music, his compositions, particularly his sacred masses madrigals and motets, set new standards for choral clarity and elegance. His most famous work, the Pope Marcellus Mass, celebrates purity of sound, allowing liturgic words to be clearly heard; it influenced the trajectory of music and the Catholic Church’s traditions during the Counter-Reformation. NEGHA -
1532
Orlando di Lasso
Franco-Flemish composer and versatile musician of the Renaissance born in 1532 and passed in1594, Renowned for his mastery of genres: madrigals, chansons, motets, and masses, he composed over 2000 works with skillful use of harmony and expressive text. He was called the Prince of Musicians, his composition Penitential Psalms, is noted for its emotional depth and complexity. His work influenced European sacred and secular music, developing the Renaissance polyphony. NEGHA -
1533
Andrea Gabrieli
He was a key Italian composer and organist of the Venetian school. As organist of St. Mark's Basilica, he stood out for his innovative use of the polychoral technique, creating unique spatial effects. He composed madrigals, motets, instrumental music and sacred works for important ceremonies. His legacy influenced the development of the Baroque and the expansion of Venetian music in Europe. NEGHA -
1548
Tomás Luis de Victoria
Spanish composer, priest, and master of Renaissance polyphony born around 1548 and died in 1611, his music is very expressive and spiritual. Especially known for his motets, masses, and requiems, his Officium Defunctorum (1605) is a masterpiece of sacred music, showing deep emotion. His compositions are marked by rich and simple harmonies, making him one of the greatest composers of the Counter-Reformation and of Spanish liturgical music. NEGHA -
1557
Giovanni Gabrieli
Alejandra. Giovanni Gabrieli Italian composer and organist of the Venetian school. As organist at St. Mark's Basilica, he innovated with the use of polychoral technique and the concertato style, combining voices and instruments. His sacred and instrumental ensemble works influenced the development of the Baroque style. He was one of the most important composers in the transition between the Renaissance and the Baroque. -
1573
Magdalena Casulana
Alejandra. Italian composer and singer, considered one of the first women to publish music in the Renaissance. Her work is primarily madrigals, and she is known for her ability to combine melodic beauty and contrapuntal complexity. She challenged the norms of her time by standing out in a male-dominated field, and her music is appreciated for its expressiveness and refined technique. -
1578
Carlo Gesualdo
Carlo Gesualdo was born in 1566. He was an Italian composer and nobleman known for his innovative and expressive music. His madrigals and sacred works stood out for their harmonic complexity and use of dissonances, features ahead of his time. His revolutionary style influenced later composers and made him a key figure of the late Renaissance. He spent his final years in his castle in Gesualdo, devoted to music. -
Carlo Gesualdo 2
Ale.( no me ha entrado todo el texto asi que aqui añado lo que me quedaba). In 1590, he committed a double murder, killing his wife, Maria d'Avalos, and her lover when he caught them together. This marked his reputation and made him a controversial figure. -
Period: to
Baroque
(unit 3)
NEGHA -
Claudio Monteverdi
Italian composer of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, born in 1567 and died in 1643. Known for pioneering early opera, with works like L’Orfeo (1607), whith great dramatic expression and orchestration. He composed madrigals and sacred music. His later opera, L'incoronazione di Poppea, shows his mature style, focusing on character and plot through expressive vocal writings. NEGHA -
Giacomo Carissimi
Italian composer in early Baroque music, born in 1605 and passed in 1674. Known for his development of the oratorio, a genre that combined dramatic narrative with choral and instrumental music, He composed Jephte, a work that set emotional depth and storytelling in sacred music. His style emphasized clear melodic lines and expressive harmonies, shaping the course of vocal music in this era and influencing composers in Italy and more. NEGHA -
Antonio Stradivari
Renowed italian luthier famous for crafting string instruments, especially violins, violas, and cellos. His instruments whad an espectacular quality, innovative design, and unique sound, which perfectly suited the demands of Baroque music. He refined techniques like the shape of the violin body and the application of special varnishes, setting new standards for instrument making. During the Baroque period, his creations were useful for chamber music. He was known as STRADIVARIUS. NEGHA -
Barbara Strozzi
Alejandra. Italian Baroque composer and singer, known for her mastery of vocal music. She was one of the most prolific composers of her time, with a work that includes cantatas, arietas and madrigals. Strozzi stood out for his ability to create emotional and technically complex pieces, especially for soprano. Despite the social and gender difficulties of his time, he achieved a successful career, and his music continues to be appreciated for its expressiveness and depth. -
Henry Purcel
English Baroque composer born in 1659 and died in 1695, that made a unique mix of English folk music with Italian and French Baroque styles. Known for his operas, sacred music, and incidental music for theater, his Dido and Aeneas remains a landmark of English opera, admired for its expressive depth. His work, Funeral Music for Queen Mary, contains harmonic sensitivity and emotional intensity that set him apart. His music defined and influenced British Baroque composers for generations. NEGHA -
George Philipp Telemann
German Baroque composer (1681-1767) known for his versatility and innovation. He composed over 3000 works across genres: sacred cantatas, operas, orchestral suites, and chamber music, blending French, Italian, and German styles in unique ways. His Tafelmusik suites and Paris Quartets are particularly celebrated for their lively melodies and sophisticated structure. He was a popular composer of his time, his music is seen in early Classical styles, affecting future generations. NEGHA -
Georg Friederich Händel
Alejandra. German-British composer, known for his works in the genres of baroque music, especially his oratorios, operas and concertos. His most famous work is The Messiah, an oratorio that continues to be performed worldwide. Handel was also influential in instrumental music, notably his keyboard concertos and music for the British court. His style fused German tradition with Italian and English influence, leaving a lasting legacy in classical music. -
Antonio Vivaldi
Alejandra. Born on March 4, 1678, he was a composer, violinist, businessman, professor and Venetian Catholic priest. Although he is also known as the red priest since he was a priest and had red hair. He is considered one of the greatest composers. He has about 770 and of which he has done more than 400 concerts One of his most famous works is the four seasons.
Many of his compositions were written for the women's musical ensemble of the ospedale della pieta a home for abandoned. -
Johann Sebastian Bach
Alejandra. German composer, organist, and violinist, he is considered one of the greatest musicians in history. His work covers various genres, including sacred music, concertos, fugues and keyboard music. He stood out for his contrapuntal mastery and his ability to merge technique with emotion. Works such as the Mass in B minor, The Brandenburg Concertos and the Art of the Fugue are fundamental in classical music, influencing generations of later composers.(perdon por la foto) -
SAIKO´S first song
This year Saiko, one of Alejandra's favorite singers, released a song called TE QUIERO FUERA, now it has more than 3.5k views. -
The day we met
Negha and Alejandra started their best friendship.