-
Established a reservation system and defined tribal territories, but the U.S. often broke these agreements as settlers moved west. -
Guaranteed the Lakota Sioux permanent ownership of the Great Sioux Reservation and the sacred Black Hills, promising no white settlement in the area. This treaty was later violated when gold was discovered. -
The U.S. military forced most Native American tribes onto small, isolated reservations with poor soil and inadequate resources, restricting their traditional ways of life. -
A spiritual movement that spread among Native American tribes, offering hope for an end to white expansion and the return of ancestral lands and ways of life. It was viewed with suspicion by the U.S. government. -
This policy aimed to break up tribal land ownership by dividing reservations into individual plots. The remaining "surplus" land was sold to non-Native settlers, leading to significant land loss. -
U.S. troops surrounded and killed approximately 300 unarmed Lakota men, women, and children at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, effectively ending major armed resistance. -
Granted full U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans born in the United States, although some states continued to bar them from voting until later years. -
This act ended the allotment policy of the Dawes Act and encouraged tribes to adopt self-government and form federally recognized tribal councils. -
A U.S. government policy aimed at ending federal recognition of tribes, terminating their special status, and relocating Native Americans to cities. -
Marked a shift in policy, allowing tribes to control and manage federally funded programs and services, ushering in the modern era of tribal self-determination.