revolutions in agriculture, production, transportation, and communication change the lives of poeple in Western Europe and the U.S.
small farms cover England's landscape
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th average weight for lambs increased from eighteen lbs. to fifty lbs. due to selective breeding
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Robert Bakewell increased his mutton output by only allowing his best sheep to breed
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Britain takes part in many wars
Jethro Tull invents the seed drilll
coal miners used steam-powered pumps to remove water from deep mine shafts
John Kay invents the flyring shuttle
Qian-long begins his reign as emperor of China
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Manchester experiences rapid growth from around 45,000 to 300,000
textile worker James Hargreaver invents a spinning wheel named after his daughter Jenny
James Watt builds the steam engine
Richard Arkwright invents the water frame
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English philosopher Jermey Bentham introduced the philosophy of utilitarianism
Period: to
Jeremy Bentham writes some of his most famous works
James Watt joins bussinessman Matthew Boulton
Adam Smith publishes his book "The Wealth of Nations"
Samuel Crompton combines the spinning jenny and the water frame to create the spinning mule
English laborer Ned Ludd is said to have destroyed weaving machinery
Edwards Cartwright invents the power loom
Samuel Slater emigrates to the United States and builds a spinning machine
Period: to
French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars halt trade, interrupt communication, and cause infaltion in some pars of the continent
Period: to
American cotton production skyrockets due to the creation of the cotton gin
Steam-driven machinery powered English factories
Eli Whitney creates the cotton gin
Thomas Malthus publishes "An Essay on the Principle of Population"
William Cockerill illegally makes his way to Belgium
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the Combination Acts outlaw unions and strikes
people can earn higher wages in factories than on farms
Period: to
the number of European cities with a lot of people living in them grows from 22 to 47
England's population grows to one million around 1800
Period: to
Laborer's livespans increase
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Manchester produce consumer goods and create wealth on a grand scale
Period: to
Northeast U.S. experiences much industrial growth
Period: to
Germany is politically divided
Period: to
industrialisation grows in regions at a time rather than whole countires at a time
Period: to
England's population explodes
Period: to
the working class sees little improvement in their living and working conditions
People become more invlolved in politics
Period: to
John Stuart Mill leads the Utilitarian movement
Period: to
skilled workers in the U.S. belong to unions
Period: to
The Industrial Revolution divides the rich from the poor
democracy grows in industrialised countries as foreign expansion increased
Period: to
coal and steam drive the machines of industry
Period: to
German inventors figure out how to successfully use a gasoline engine to power a vehicle
Period: to
Scientists come up with a widely believed explanation for why there is such a great and wide variety of plants and animals on the earth
Period: to
ideas about phychology drastically changes society's way of life
Period: to
the U.S. begins to make strong attempts to hold fast to what the Declaration of Independence says and abolish slavery
Period: to
many thinkers try to apply Charles Darwin's ideas to eonomics and politics
several major inventions have modernized the cotton industry in Britain
British chemist John Dalton theorises that all matter is made of tiny particles called atoms
English engineer Richard Trevithick wins bet by hauling ten tons of iron over almost ten miles of track in steam-driven locomotive
English engineer Richard Trevithick wins bet of thousands of dollars by taking ten tons of iron over nearly ten miles of track in a steam-driven locomotive
Haiti wins its independence from France
The steamboat Clermont made its first successful trip
Parliament passes a bill to end slave trade in the British West Indies
John McAdam (Scottish engineer) equips road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage
Europeans who used to live on farms flow quickly into cities
the war of 1812
Francis Cabot Lowell of Boston and four other investors revolutionised the American textile industry
David Ricardo publishes his book "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation"
the first Factory Act is passed
Period: to
Parliament begins looking into child labor and working conditions in factories and coal mines
George Stephenson begins to work on the world's first railroad line
Parliament repeals the Combination Acts
Robert Owen travels to the United States
The railroad opens
Robert Owen founds a cooperativ community called New Harmony in Indiana
the British government unhappily tolerates labor unions
William Wilberforce retires from Parliament
Lowell, Massachusetts has become a popular manufacturing centre and a model for other similar towns
trials are held to choose the best locomotive for use on the new railroad line
the Liverpool-Manchester Railway opens officially
France experiences sustained industrial growth
Cyrus McCormick invention the reaper boosts American wheat production
Alexis de Tocqueville studies and contrasts the brutal, harsh conditions of American prisons to the "extended liberty" of American Society
William Cooper testfies about labor conditions from child labor during the industrial revolution
Parliament passes the Factory Act to improve working conditions for children
the British abolishes slavery in all of its empire
Edward Baines publishes his book "The History of Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain"
French writer Alexis de Tocqueville visits Manchester
Germany begins to copy the British model
Samuel F.B. Morse sends first electric signals over telegraph
Period: to
Thomas Malthus's predictions and arguments on the system of growing population seem to become true
a British government study shows the average life span for the working class to be 17 years old and those in nearby rural areas to be around 38 years old
the Mines Act is passed to prevent women and children from working in mines
Period: to
women form unions in the trades where they dominate
Period: to
the germ theory is created by Louis Pasteur
the Ten Hours Act is passed
Elizabeth Gaskell publishes her book "Mary Barton"
Alexis de Tocqueville gives a speech stating where he stands with Socialism
Period: to
widespread revolts take place throughout all of Europe
women fight for their rights
Karl Marx and Frederick Engels publish The Communist Manifesto
4.250 miles of inland channels slashed the cost of trasporting both raw materials and finished goods
a thriving national market for new Freanch products is created, when the government begins railroad construction
a national market for new French products is created, after the government begins railroad construction
many states start up public schools systems
Period: to
Austrian monk Gregor Mendel discovers there is a patter to the way that certain traits are inherited
I.M. Singer improved the sewing machine by inventing a foot treadle
the Crystal Palace Exposition in London demonstrates and celebrates the "works of industry of all nations."
a German economist comments on Germany industrialising itself
Charles Darwin publishes a book stating his ideas in a book called "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"
Hugh Miller describes how filthy the Irwell River in Manchester is
the Civil War ends
Period: to
United States experiences a technological boom
Joseph Lister orders that his surgical wards be kept extremely clean
The Meiji era begins a period of modernization in Japan
Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev organises the Periodic Table
The Suez Canal opens in Africa
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a unified, imperialistic Germany has become an industrial and military giant
Period: to
in Western Europe, free public schooling becomes available
Period: to
new kinds of energy come into use
Period: to
the electric generater is developed
slavery is ended in Puerto Rico
Period: to
cities like Chigaco and Minneapolis expand rapidly during the late 1800s
British trade unions win the right to strike ad picket peacefully
British Unions win the right to strike
Scottish-born inventor Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone
Alexander Graham Bell displays his device at the Philidelphia Centennial Exposition
Period: to
several inventors try to project moving images
Peter Severin Kroyer paints a picture depicting Danish wokers laboring in a steel mill
U.S. labor unions join together to form the American Federation of Labor
Spain abolishes slavery in Cuba
Brazilian slaves are given freedom
woman activists around the world gather to form the International Council for Women
rich entrepreneurs areconsidered the social equals of he lords of the countryside
Period: to
large corporations such as Standard Oil and Carnegie Steel Company spring up
Period: to
a limited number of large, powerful companies controll more than two-thirds of the nation's railroad tracks
Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi uses theoretical dicoveries about electromagnetic waves to create the first radio
the first olympics are held in Athens, Greece
Marie Curie names powerful energy force "radioactivity"
delegates and observers from 27 countries attended the International Council for Women in 1899
Period: to
revolutionaries such as Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, and Fidel Castro are inspired by Marxism
Gregor Mendel's discoveries start the science of genetics
physicists continue figuring out more about the atom
people begin to speak of mass culture
Period: to
filmmakers are producing the first feature films
Marie and Pierre Curie win the Nobel Prize for physics and their work on radioactivity
Wilbur and Orville Wright fly a gasoline-powered flying machine
a group of progressive reformers form the National Child Labor Committee to end child labor
Henry Ford sold his Model T for $850
millions of Americans flood into thousands of theatres to watch movies
more than 3.5M cars are traveling on America's roads
the U.S. Supreme Court objects to a federal child labor law, but individual states are allowed to limit the working hours of women and eventually men
