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King of France after Napoleon, ruling from 1814 to 1824, during the Bourbon Restoration.
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The final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte by British and Prussian armies. -
A meeting of European powers to reorganize Europe after Napoleon’s fall and restore monarchies. -
A short period in Spain when liberal reforms and the 1812 Constitution were restored.
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Brother of Louis XVIII, ruled from 1824 to 1830 until he was overthrown in the July Revolution.
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Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire with help from France, Britain, and Russia. -
Belgium separated from the Netherlands and became an independent constitutional monarchy. -
Known as the "Citizen King," he ruled from 1830 to 1848 and was overthrown in the 1848 Revolution.
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A customs union led by Prussia that united German states economically and helped political unification. -
A wave of revolutions across Europe demanding more rights, liberal reforms, and national independence. -
A short-lived republican government after the 1848 Revolution, before Napoleon III became emperor.
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Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew became emperor and ruled with strong power.
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Battles in northern Italy where France and Piedmont defeated Austria, helping Italian unification. -
Giuseppe Garibaldi led a military campaign to unify southern Italy with the north. -
He became the first king of united Italy in 1861. -
Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark and took control of territories that were later used in German unification. -
A war between Austria and Prussia; Prussia won and took control of the German Confederation. -
A war between France and Prussia; Prussia’s victory led to the creation of the German Empire.
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King of Prussia who became the first emperor of a united Germany in 1871.