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The Treaty of Paris officially ends the American Revolutionary War. The United States of America is formed under the Articles of Confederation.
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The Confederation Congress ratifies the Treaty of Paris, but disputes over western lands and war debts quickly create tension among the states. Calls for a stronger central government begin to circulate.
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Economic hardship and widespread debt among farmers in Massachusetts culminate in Shays’ Rebellion. The insurrection is suppressed, but it exposes the weakness of the federal government and raises fears of further unrest.
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Amid increasing disagreements, several states—Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Georgia—declare their independence, effectively initiating the dismantling of the United States. A period of fragmentation begins as local identities and self-governance take precedence over national unity.
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British troops land near Norfolk, Virginia, beginning their campaign to retake parts of the fractured former United States. Their immediate objectives are to establish a foothold in the Chesapeake Bay and cut off supply lines to the interior republics. Virginia’s militia offers stiff resistance but is forced to retreat deeper inland.
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Capitalizing on the collapse of the United States, Britain launches an invasion to reclaim former colonies. New England, the Great Lakes region, and parts of western New York are primary targets.
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Exploiting the fractured states, Britain invaded across Canada in New England and establish a landing in Delaware and Maryland.
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New England (excluding Vermont) is reintegrated into the British Empire after the collapse of its local government. Many residents grudgingly accept British rule in exchange for stability the Empire will bring.
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British forces march south from Quebec to pressure New York, clashing with the state’s army in the Hudson Highlands. The battle ends in a British victory, but heavy casualties prevent them from advancing further toward Albany. This buys New York time to reinforce its defenses and rally local militias.
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British forces capture Boston, marking a critical victory in New England. The city becomes the base of operations for further campaigns in the region. Resistance from New England militias wanes, leading to the reintegration of most of New England (excluding Vermont) into the British Empire by 1796.
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Western New York, unable to resist British advances, is annexed as the territory of Hudsonia. Despite its name, the region does not include the Hudson River, which remains under New York’s control.
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The Republic of Pennsylvania, the Republic of New York, the Republic of Virginia, and the Confederation of the Carolinas form a temporary military alliance to counter the British invasion. The alliance pools resources and coordinates defense strategies, creating a united front.
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The Great Lakes region is formally organized as the Great Lakes Territory under British control. The Territory was only under official American control after the treaty of Paris, but too little time passed for it to ever be integrated by the dying Confederation.
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British forces besiege Richmond, Virginia, in a major push to subdue the South. The Republic of Virginia, bolstered by reinforcements from the Carolinas, mounts a fierce defense. After weeks of intense fighting, the British withdraw, marking their first significant setback in the war.
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A combined force of New York and Pennsylvania troops defeats the British at Fort Oswego on Lake Ontario. This victory prevents British forces from advancing deeper into the Great Lakes region and secures supply routes for the allied republics.
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Virginia forces under General James Monroe defeat a British detachment attempting to outflank their positions in the Shenandoah Valley. The victory boosts morale across the southern republics and weakens British momentum in the region.
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Pennsylvania forces repel a British attempt to seize control of Philadelphia by launching a surprise counterattack along the Delaware River. The victory solidifies Pennsylvania's position as a central power in the alliance and forces the British to shift focus northward.
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A decisive engagement occurs near Albany, where New York forces, supported by Pennsylvania artillery, rout the British. The loss forces the British to abandon their campaign in upstate New York, effectively securing the Republic of New York’s independence.
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The Confederation of the Carolinas launches an offensive to push British forces out of its territory. After a series of skirmishes, the British withdraw from key southern strongholds, effectively ending their southern campaign.
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Exhausted from prolonged fighting and facing mounting costs, Britain signs the Treaty of Concord with the allied republics. Britain retains control of New England, Hudsonia, and the Great Lakes, but withdraws from Virginia, New York, Pennsylvania, and the Carolinas. This treaty formally ends the British invasion and establishes the new territorial status quo in North America.
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During Spain's declining influence in the Americas, Britain purchases Florida, incorporating it into its growing dominion in North America. This acquisition strengthens British control over the southeastern United States and provides a foothold for future expansion.
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Tensions between the Missouri Confederation and the Republic of Louisiana erupt into the Mississippi War, fought over control of vital river trade routes and territorial boundaries. The war is marked by brutal engagements, including the Siege of St. Louis and the Battle of Baton Rouge. Louisiana emerges victorious, leading to the dissolution of the Missouri Confederation into the Republics of Kansas, Missouri, and Arkansas.
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With support from Prussia and other European nations, Texas declares independence as the Texaner Republic. Predominantly populated by German settlers, Texas aligns culturally and politically with Europe. The declaration triggers a war between the ailing Mexican Empire and this new Texaner Republic.