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Printing Press: a machine for printing text more efficiently.
This new invention allowed for accessibility to literature to all people. It also spreads humanism ideas through humanist writers works, throughout Europe. -
Constantinople falls to the Ottoman empire, ending the Byzantine Empire. Ending the middle ages and strengthening the Ottomans as a major power -
The Byzantine Empire ended when the Ottomans took over Constantinople. -
Tudor Dynasty: A royal family of English rule, that created outlines to turn England from medieval times to a powerful nation
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Christopher Columbus takes off on his trip to India, sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. He ended up in the Americas unknowingly, believing he was in India. -
The Alhambra Decree was a declaration made by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, that stated all Jews and Muslims must convert to Catholicism or be forced to leave the country. The penalty for staying in Spain and not converting was death. -
The completion of the Reconquista happened after Spain concurred all of the Muslim territories around them. The Reconquista refers to the Spaniards goal to rule over Muslim territories and convert them to Christianity, giving Spain unity for their nation. -
Michelangelo was a artist during the renaissance, who lead the change in more humanist artwork.
The chapel was commissioned by Pope Julius II, in order to keep the church up with the rising change in art. They wanted to create religious influence with these paintings. -
Martin Luther was a monk who started the protestant reformation by challenging indulgences and writing works on his views of religious aspects that were different from the Catholic Church's. And because of the Church's corruption during the time Luther wrote the 95 Theses, which were a list of his beliefs on what the Church should and should not be doing. He did this to help the clergy/parish realize that they were being taken advantage of. -
The Protestant Reformation sparked after Martin Luther published his 95 Theses, bringing up realization for church members of the corruption. The Reformation was a movement primarily lead by the works of Martin Luther, this movement was meant to reform the Catholic Church and create new just religious systems. -
Luther is called to recant his works in front of Charles V, at the Diet of Worms, which was a meeting held by the empire to address Martin Luther's work. When he refuses to due so he is outlawed and the Emperor Edicts anyone is allowed to kill Luther with no repercussions. -
Machiavelli, a very influential humanist writer, wrote "The Prince" addressing monarchs and their behavior and decisions as leaders. He speaks on how he believes is acceptable for a Prince/Monarch to act. -
An act established by Henry VIII, King of England from 1509-1547, separating England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry VIII gave himself the position as head of the Church of England. -
The Anglican Church, also known as the Church of England, was created following the Act of Supremacy and followed many values of the Catholic Church although it was separate. -
Copernicus, an astronomer most famously known for creating a model of the solar system, published this work causing change in the way we view the solar system. He did this by saying the Sun is the center of the universe and not the Earth. -
The council of Trent was a series of meeting held by members of the Catholic Church. They discussed and planned a way to deal with the protestant reformation, and get more people back in the Roman Catholic Church.
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A treaty passed by the Holy Roman Empire that ended the division of Lutherans and Catholics. -
The cuius regio, eius religio, meaning whose realm, his religion, was put into effect because of the Peace of Augsburg and stated that leaders of each region were able to pick their peoples religion. -
This was a massacre on the French Calvinists/Protestants by the Catholics. This was caused by the ongoing changes in religion in regions. -
A war on religion between Henry III of France, Henry of Navarre, and Henry I. The war started in a conflict of heirs and chosen religion. The previous king was a Catholic and the heir was a protestant, which was not acceptable for the region.
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These two monarchs fought over religious authority, Philip II being a Catholic and Elizabeth I being a Protestant. -
The Spanish Armada, a plethora of ships sent to England for invasion, was defeated by the English due to their use of cannons to take down Spain's ships. This caused the English to rise in power and fall of the Spanish empire. -
The Edict of Nantes helped end the religious wars in France by allowing Protestants the right to many things including freedom to practice religion, education, and other things, giving them rights to be equal in the community. -
The Thirty Years War was a war beginning with a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants but towards the end shifted to be political when the Habsburgs tried to take dominance over the Holy Roman Empire and enforce Catholicism. There were four phases, Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French. Bohemian Protestants fought against the Habsburgs and lost which then caused Denmark to join to help fight with the Protestants. Then Swedish Protestants and French Protestants joined in.
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The Defenestration of Prague was a protest against Habsburgs Catholic Rule during the Bohemian phase where nobles threw Catholic officials out a window of Prague Castle. -
The English Civil War was between the Royalist who supported Charles I, King of England from 1625 to 1649, and the Parliamentarians who supported England's Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell.
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The Peace of Westphalia was a pivotal turn in the war causing its end. It stated that rulers could choose a religion for their state either Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism viewing all religions as equal. -
King Charles I was executed for treason of disobedience to Parliament, believing solely in his divine right. This established the Common Wealth, which was a non monarchical government led by Parliament and military overseen by Oliver Cromwell, leader of this government in the role of Lord Protector. -
The Reign of King Louis XIV, the last Bourbon, at Versailles submitted France into a lot of trouble. Louis's commission of Versailles and his support of the American Revolution put France in a lot of debt, sparking the French Revolution.
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The Glorious Revolution was when King James II was overthrown by the Parliamentarians and replaced by William III and Mary II, the heirs to the English throne who established a constitutional monarch putting parliament in a more powerful position. -
The English Bill of Rights limited power of the monarchy, shifting the power towards Parliament. This made England a constitutional monarchy, were the monarch is the ruler but is restricted in power by a constitution. -
Two Treaties of Government was a writing affirming governments proper values of natural rights of life, liberty, and property, and denying values of absolute monarchies and divine rights. -
The War of Spanish Succession started when King Charles II of Spain died leaving conflict on who the heir to the thrown was. It was ended by the Treaty of Urtecht, confirming Philip V King of Spain and bringing peace to Spain with other laws helping balance the conflict. -
The War of Austrian Succession started after Charles VI's death when Frederick the Great invaded land meant to be inherited by Maria Theresa, sparking conflict between the nations resulting in a war over land. -
Maria Theresa was a Habsburg who maintained absolute power over Austria during her reign.
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Diderot's Encyclopedia was a work of the Enlightenment, sparking a shift in societal thinking of governmental authority as well as ideas of reason, it promoted facts over faith.
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The Seven Years War was over land all across Europe and North America, Fredrick the Great, King of Prussia, starting the War by invading Saxony causing Louis XV, King of France, to step in fighting Britain and Prussia. Then Maria Theresa, Queen of Austria, attempted to gain her hereditary land back, fought against Prussia in alliance with France and Russia. George III, King of Great Britain, fought over land with France in North America.
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The Industrial Revolution produced lots of literature on the Enlightenment, spreading its ideals throughout Europe. It also introduced factory systems which later became a very efficient provider in the industrial revolution.
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Catherine the Great of Russia was a great ruler with much success during her rule, sparking Russia's Golden Age. She expanded territory and modernized through Enlightenment, overall strengthening the government.
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The Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War by dividing the land up giving Britain the North American land, France North American lands East of Britain, and Spain getting Louisiana. -
Pugachev's Rebellion was a revolt against Catherine the Great after Pugachev claimed to be Peter III supposed Tsar of Russia promising to end serfdom, causing uprisings that eventually led to the execution of Pugachev.
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On the Wealth of Nations was an influential work of Adam Smith stating that wealth of nations comes from the labor of the people, and advocated that a more restricted government could benefit this. It also promoted ideas that would later help shape more productive labor systems. -
The American Revolution was an uprising against Britain who had been oppressing Americans under their monarchy. This revolution sparked many others throughout Europe, leading by example.
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The French Revolution is sparked under the oppression of King Louis XVI's, King of France, and his unjust taxation of the Third Estate and its consequences as well as Marie Antoinette, King Louis XVI's wife.
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This declaration was created by the National Assembly, a group of the Third Estate trying to create a new constitution for France, confirming natural rights of man, rights to fight oppression, and their right to be equal. -
The storming of Bastille was a protest done by the Third Estate stormed a prison and stole weapons and gunpowder to defy King Louis XVI. -
Haiti, inspired by France and Americas Revolutions, sparked their own revolution for independence from France, led by Toussaint Louverture, abolishing slavery for their people.
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This was a time in which French radicals, led by Robespeirre, leader of the radical phase of the revolution, eliminated all threats to the revolution with the help of the Commitee of Public Safety, a group meant to protect against enemies of the revolution, executing thousands of people. -
After trying to plan a coup to take down the revolution Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were caught and accused of high treason resulting in their executions. -
Napoleon Bonaparte came power when the revolution ended by overthrowing the Directory. He gave himself absolute power putting himself in the top position as consulate, which is the highest power in the system. -
Napoleon crowns himself Emperor even though he already had full power. -
The Holy Roman Empire ended when power turned to the regions instead of the whole state. -
The age of Metternich was a period of time at which Europe was under heavy influence of Klemens von Metternich's views. He believed in centralizing power and restoring stability in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. This meant he was against all liberal ideas of reform.
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Napoleon is defeated by the Duke of Wellington, ending the Napoleonic wars. -
The Congress of Vienna changed Europe's map, balancing Europe after the wars, this was done by Prince Metternich, Prince of Austria. This also restored conservative order, restoring the monarchies defeating the purpose of the Revolutions that progressed away from monarchies and their ideals.
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The Congress of Vienna was an attempt to return Europe's balance of power and was led mainly by Austria, Britain, Prussia, Russia, and France. They met throughout September of 1814 to June of 1815 and they discussed and worked out ways to restore stability in Europe. -
The Carlsbad Decrees were a set of rules meant to stop all actions of liberal and national reforms passed by the German Confederation. -
The Peterloo Massacre was a peaceful protest led for a want of reform in parliament in England. Englands military stepped in to break up the protest and that resulted in several injuries and even deaths. -
Napoleon's death resulted in the restoration of a constitutional monarchy in France. -
The Decembrist Revolt in Russia was a protest against serfdom led by officers and aristocrats. The revolt was shut down but was the first political uprising of its kind in Russian society. -
The French and Belgium Revolutions of 1830 were both revolutions to gain independence from oppressive rule. France broke away from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. Belgium gained independence from the United Kingdom. -
The July Revolution lasted three days and was an uprising against King Charles X's July Ordinances and resulted in a new ruler for France. -
King Charles X is overthrown during the July Revolution and brought Louis Philippe into power and given the title of "Citizen King". -
The Great Reform Act of 1832 was passed in the U.K by their parliament in order to reform the voting system to avoid further upset in uprisings. -
The Revolutions of 1848 were inspired by liberal, nationalist, and socialist ideas that became very influential at the time. Most of these Revolutions failed due to a divisions within radical groups. -
The publication of Communist Manifesto set the groundwork for capitalist overthrows by creating new ideas of equality in society and government. -
Metternich is removed due to contradictions in his conservative ways with the growing societal unrest caused by increased liberalism and nationalism. -
The Crimean War was a dispute of land based on protection of religious land. Russia fought against the Ottomans and their allies Britain and France, to protect Palestine. This was also the first war with modern technology that allowed for overseas communication and photography.
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The Franco-Austrian War was an Italian independence movement against the oppression of Austrian Empire. -
The second industrial revolution produced electricity, the telegraph system, and increased production in factories systems.
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The Italian Unification combined Italy into one nation instead of multiple divided states. It was led by Cavour, Italian politician, who led Piedmont, and Garibaldi, italian general, who led the Redshirts. -
Alexander II emancipated the serfs by signing the Emancipation Manifesto giving the serfs freedom. This gave them rights to their own lives, by allowing them to marry freely, own property, and more. -
The Austro-Prussian War was a short conflict between Prussia and the Austrian Empire that which Prussia won. -
The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia. France was led by Napoleon III, president of France and Prussia was led by Otto von Bismarck, President of Prussia.
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The German Unification was a cause of the Franco-Prussian War and was led by Kaiser Wilhelm I, King of Prussia. -
The Congress of Berlin was a meeting to split up Europe evenly after disputes that led to an imbalance of power in order to regain the balance of power. -
The Triple Alliance consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. It's purpose was to keep balance of power by creating a powerful alliance. -
The Berlin Conference was organized by Otto von Bismarck to make the African colonization equal to avoid conflict. This led to the Scramble for Africa causing 90% of the continent to be colonized but also caused more competition between European powers.
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The Dreyfuss Affair was a scandal of a Jewish man wrongly accused of spying on Germany and caused antisemitism to rise in France. -
The Russian Revolution of 1905 was initiated by the Bloody Sunday protests, were protesters were fired up on despite causing no harm. This Revolution was under rule of Tsar Nicholas II, who's reforms and refusal to consider citizens needs led to the peoples unrest. This led to the creation of Duma, an assembly that replaced the Romanov dynasty. -
The Triple Entente consisted of the British, French, and Russian Empires creating a balance of power. -
The Bosnian Crisis was a contributing factor leading up to Wold War I. This happened because of Austria-Hungary taking over the Balkans which resulted in each nations allies becoming involved. -
The Balkan Wars resulted in the fall of the Ottoman Empire but after the land gained back was divided more disputes over territory broke out.
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The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led to the start of World War I.