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Printing Press: a machine for printing text more efficiently.
This new invention allowed for accessibility to literature to all people. It also spreads humanism ideas through humanist writers works, throughout Europe. -
Constantinople falls to the Ottoman empire, ending the Byzantine Empire. Ending the middle ages and strengthening the Ottomans as a major power -
The Byzantine Empire ended when the Ottomans took over Constantinople. -
Tudor Dynasty: A royal family of English rule, that created outlines to turn England from medieval times to a powerful nation
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Christopher Columbus takes off on his trip to India, sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. He ended up in the Americas unknowingly, believing he was in India. -
The Alhambra Decree was a declaration made by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, that stated all Jews and Muslims must convert to Catholicism or be forced to leave the country. The penalty for staying in Spain and not converting was death. -
The completion of the Reconquista happened after Spain concurred all of the Muslim territories around them. The Reconquista refers to the Spaniards goal to rule over Muslim territories and convert them to Christianity, giving Spain unity for their nation. -
Michelangelo was a artist during the renaissance, who lead the change in more humanist artwork.
The chapel was commissioned by Pope Julius II, in order to keep the church up with the rising change in art. They wanted to create religious influence with these paintings. -
Martin Luther was a monk who started the protestant reformation by challenging indulgences and writing works on his views of religious aspects that were different from the Catholic Church's. And because of the Church's corruption during the time Luther wrote the 95 Theses, which were a list of his beliefs on what the Church should and should not be doing. He did this to help the clergy/parish realize that they were being taken advantage of. -
The Protestant Reformation sparked after Martin Luther published his 95 Theses, bringing up realization for church members of the corruption. The Reformation was a movement primarily lead by the works of Martin Luther, this movement was meant to reform the Catholic Church and create new just religious systems. -
Luther is called to recant his works in front of Charles V, at the Diet of Worms, which was a meeting held by the empire to address Martin Luther's work. When he refuses to due so he is outlawed and the Emperor Edicts anyone is allowed to kill Luther with no repercussions. -
Machiavelli, a very influential humanist writer, wrote "The Prince" addressing monarchs and their behavior and decisions as leaders. He speaks on how he believes is acceptable for a Prince/Monarch to act. -
An act established by Henry VIII, King of England from 1509-1547, separating England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry VIII gave himself the position as head of the Church of England. -
The Anglican Church, also known as the Church of England, was created following the Act of Supremacy and followed many values of the Catholic Church although it was separate. -
Copernicus, an astronomer most famously known for creating a model of the solar system, published this work causing change in the way we view the solar system. He did this by saying the Sun is the center of the universe and not the Earth. -
The council of Trent was a series of meeting held by members of the Catholic Church. They discussed and planned a way to deal with the protestant reformation, and get more people back in the Roman Catholic Church.
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A treaty passed by the Holy Roman Empire that ended the division of Lutherans and Catholics. -
The cuius regio, eius religio, meaning whose realm, his religion, was put into effect because of the Peace of Augsburg and stated that leaders of each region were able to pick their peoples religion. -
This was a massacre on the French Calvinists/Protestants by the Catholics. This was caused by the ongoing changes in religion in regions. -
A war on religion between Henry III of France, Henry of Navarre, and Henry I. The war started in a conflict of heirs and chosen religion. The previous king was a Catholic and the heir was a protestant, which was not acceptable for the region.
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These two monarchs fought over religious authority, Philip II being a Catholic and Elizabeth I being a Protestant. -
The Spanish Armada, a plethora of ships sent to England for invasion, was defeated by the English due to their use of cannons to take down Spain's ships. This caused the English to rise in power and fall of the Spanish empire. -
The Edict of Nantes helped end the religious wars in France by allowing Protestants the right to many things including freedom to practice religion, education, and other things, giving them rights to be equal in the community.