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Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust – Developing a sense of security based on how caregivers meet needs.
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Learning about the world through sensory experiences and movement.
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1-3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt – Gaining independence in tasks like walking, talking, and self-care.
3-6 years: Initiative vs. Guilt – Exploring creativity and developing confidence in decision-making. -
Growing ability to use symbols and language, but thinking remains egocentric.
Key Milestones: expanding vocabulary, difficulty understanding other perspectives. -
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Crisis: Industry vs. Inferiority – Building self-confidence by mastering academic and social skills.
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Logical thinking develops, understanding of conservation improves.
Key Skills: Problem-solving, categorization, mathematical reasoning. -
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Ability to think abstractly, reason hypothetically, and understand complex ideas.
Key Developments: Abstract logic, moral reasoning. -
Crisis: Identity vs. Role Confusion – Exploring personal values, career goals, and self-identity.
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Crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation – Seeking meaningful relationships, balancing personal and professional life.
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Crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation – Finding fulfillment through work, mentorship, and family.
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Crisis: Integrity vs. Despair – Reflecting on life’s journey, accomplishments, and impact.
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