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1492
Columbus lands at Hispanola
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1496
First Spanish Colony
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1512
encomienda system established
it was a system that was influenced by and also somewhat created the casta system. gave spanish colonizers native labour in exchange for protection and religious instruction but it mostly resulted in forced labor -
1520
90% of natives die due to european illnesses
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first english colony
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jamestown
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house of burgees
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mayflower compact
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plymouth (pilgrims)
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massachusetts bay established (puritans)
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navigation acts
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bacon's rebellion
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the enlightenment
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Salem Witch Trials
leads to enlightenment bc that shit was crazy -
Virginia slave codes
-
Period: to
great awakening
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molasses act
-
Period: to
Seven years war/French and Indian War
france and britain go to war (natives on both sides) over land (ohio river valley) Britain wins but run out of money so are unable to fight the natives on the land. -
pontiacs rebellion
native american rebellion against the british -
proclamation line of 1763
colonists can't go past the appalachian mountains per the British proclamation (caused by 7 years war) -
sugar act, quartering act, stamp act
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boston massacre
americans fed up with british taxes and housing soldiers, colonists throwing rocks at british soldiers, soldiers shot 4 colonists -
boston tea party
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first continental congress
Still wanted to remain british subjects, Influenced by the ideas of enlightenment (natural rights and social contract) -
Period: to
Revolutionary War
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declaration of independence and common sense
written by thomas jefferson -
battle of yorktown
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articles of the confederation
wanted a weak central gov
decided everyone had to agree to pass anything -
treaty of paris
formally ended the revolutionary war -
northwest ordinance
came from articles of the confederation
any new land had to be a new state, states cant get bigger, no slavery in the northwest territories
first part of containing slavery -
3/5ths compromise
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constitution
NJ wanted every state to have equal votes
Virginia wanted equal representation
agreed on compromise, created senate and house -
judiciary act
created supreme court for appeals about constitutional matters -
bill of rights
-
Period: to
second great awakening
widespread Protestant religious revival
emphasized individual conversion and moral action, leading to a surge in church membership and the formation of new denominations. This revival also fueled various reform movements, including those related to abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights -
cotton gin invented
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proclamation of neutrality
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washington farewell address
- warns against political parties and foreign affairs (getting involved with europe)
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revolution of 1800
transition of power between political parties -
Thomas Jefferson is elected
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marbury v. madison
created process of judicial review, allowed supreme court to say laws are unconstitutional -
louisiana purchase
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lewis and clark expedition
westward expansion -
Period: to
war of 1812
against britain
after we were entirely separate from britain
nationalism
federalist party died out -
missouri compromise
-
Period: to
Market Revolution
cotton gin, spinning machine
connection of western and southern farms
industrialization
assembly lines became a thing
building of canals and railroads -
Monroe doctrine
declared western hemisphere free from european influence -
john quincy adams
"corrupt bargain"
no candidate got majority votes so senate chose him -
Andrew Jackson's election
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Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears
-
Period: to
Transcendentalism
- moral perfection/ human perfection
- often supported abolition/womens rights
- spiritual renuwal
- moral societal reformation
- mormons
-
Period: to
Manifest destiny + US expansion
- belief that god wants to expand west and spread democracy
- justification for displacing/killing natives
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Nat Turner's rebellion
slave revolt
killed a bunch of white people
made slave laws worse -
panic of 1837
economic downturn due to overproduction
end of the 2nd and last US bank -
texas annexation
annexed after the mexican gov mandated conversion to roman catholicism and outlawed slavery. texans revolted and it was annexed as a state -
Period: to
mexican-american war
arguments over california, new mexico, and the southern border of texas. US won, texas border at rio grande and mexican cession -
mexican cession
california, nevada, utah, arizona, new mexico, colorado -
seneca falls convention
- first womens rights convention
- short term and long term plans for women's rights
- short term: abolish slavery
- long term: women's suffrage
- declaration of sentiments was the written part of this plan
-
Period: to
gold rush
population of california rose from 14k to 400k
led to anti-asian sentiments -
compromise of 1850
- created by henry clay to solve the arguments about new states being free or slave states
- mexican cession divided into utah and new mexico territories
- california admitted as a free state
- slave trade outlawed in D.C.
- created the fugitive slave act
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kansas-nebraska act
- overturned missouri compromise
- introduced popular sovereignty
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bleeding kansas
caused by the compromise of 1850 and kansas nebraska act, which said that when kansas and nebraska applied for statehood, whether they were free or slave states would be decided by popular sovereignty, sparked outrage bc it violated the missouri compromise. -
Dred Scott v. Sandford
- scott was a slave who sued for his freedom after being taken to live in a free state
- sandford won, scott was deemed "property" that couldn't be taken away
- meant that slavery could basically exist anywhere in US
-
panic of 1857
- the 2nd real recession in american history
- after the US industrialized, the US was producing more than it could sell
- unemployment at 10%
-
7 southern states secede from union
south carolina, florida, georgia, alabama, texas, mississippi, and louisiana (virginia, north carolina, tennessee, arkansas joined later) secede from the union after lincoln's election, create the "confederate states of america" -
Election of 1860, Lincoln becomes President
- lincoln said he was ok with southern slavery, he just didn't it to spread
- left off the ballot in the south, but still won
-
Period: to
Civil War
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2nd confiscation act
- allowed union to seize slaves and any other property from the south, any slaves that were taken were free
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homestead act
gave 160 acres of free land in the plains to any citizen willing to stay there and farm for 5 years
led to loss of native american land -
emancipation proclamation
- made the civil war fully about slavery
- freed slaves in confederate states and encouraged them to join the union army
- didn't free slaves in border states (slave states in the union)
- prevented europe from supporting the confederacy
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sherman's march on the sea
union general sherman captured georgia and crippled the confederacy -
lincoln's assasination
andrew johnson becomes president -
black codes
- proof of employment
- allowed black people to be arrested very easily so that free labor was legal
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13th amendment
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freedman's bureau
aided poor whites and freed slaves -
Period: to
gilded age
-
Period: to
reconstruction
- after the war ended, the question was if the south should be let back into the union easy or not
- lincoln was leaniant
- radical republicans were not
- black schools, hospitals, and colleges established
- african americans elected to political office
- after it ended, democrats began regaining power
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civil rights act of 1866
said that all african americans were citizens of the US -
medicine lodge treaty
set of agreements between US gov and native plains tribes
gave US land in exchange for supplies
treaty was a failure -
reconstruction acts
military occupation of the south
required southern states to ratify the 13th and 14th amendment -
14th amendment
made all people born or naturalized in the US citizens with the same rights
had to be ratified by confederate states in order to be let back into the union bc of radical republicans -
15th amendment
protected voting rights of former slaves and all men -
panic of 1873
caused by coinage act, gov wanted to stop inflation, greenbacks and silver were not accepted as money anymore -
telephone invented
alexander graham bell develops telephone -
federal troops removed from the south
jim crow laws, black codes -
great railroad strike
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compromise of 1877
dispute over election
republican hayes elected in exchange for reconstruction stopping -
sharecropping began
1870s-1940s -
Period: to
chinese exclusion act
response to the fear that a growing chinese economy would hurt the economy
made chinese immigrants ineligible for citizenship if they were already in the US
angel island -
Haymarket riot
bombing after labor union protest
showcased the rise of labor unions and protests -
Dawes act
broke up native tribal lands into individual plots
led to significant reduction in native lands -
wounded knee massacre
300 lakota people killed by US army
last native massacre thats documented -
Panic of 1893
caused many railroads to file for bankruptcy
by 1900 2/3s of railroads were controlled by 7 entities -
white "hawaiians" stage a coup against Queen Lili'uokalani
the queen was overthrown, started US imperialism
Queen Liliuokalani overthrown by US marines and sugar plantation owners -
pullman strike
railroad factory strike
federal troops sent, ppl died
strike bc pullman controlled the rent, groceries, and wages, and he lowered wages without lowering rent and groceries -
Plessy v ferguson
resulted in segregation becoming national and legal
"separate but equal" -
Period: to
National segregation
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hawai'i annexed
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USS Maine exploded
blamed on spain
started spanish american war
might have just been blamed on spain so as to acquire territories -
Period: to
spanish american war
spain cedes the philippines, guam, puerto rico, and cuba to US -
Period: to
philippine-american war
War was rooted in Philippine desire for independence from the spanish then the US
But the US desire for colonization. -
Panama Canal Built
The US helped Panama gain independence from Columbia and in return, gave theUS the power to build the Panama canal and get the proceeds from it -
Founding of the NAACP
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NAACP
in response to the work of muckrakers -
Period: to
Great Migration
Many African Americans left the south because of Jim Crow laws and legal discrimination, drawn to new opportunities in the North, especially factories that lost their employees to the draft. -
Woodrow Wilson is elected
First progressive president of the US, hopes to increase government power over corporations and help to help the average american. -
ludlow massacre
colorado coal industry strike
miners went on strike, set up camps, camps got burned by national guard -
Period: to
WWI
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US joins WWI
The US joins 3 years after the start of the war, ending our period of isolationism
First global conflict Why we joined:
Unrestricted submarine warfare - Germany declared all waters around Britain
Lusitania - German U boat sank passenger ship, killing American and British Passengers
Zimmerman telegram - German letter to Mexico saying they would be their allies in taking back the land they had lost in the Mexican American War. -
Treaty of Versailles
Claims that Germany is at fault for World War 1 and must pay huge reparations to all other countries.
This led to a crash in the German economy.
This also creates a bad relationship between Russia and Western Europe because they don't receive any reparations. -
19th amendment
gives women the right to vote (white women)
This led to the roaring 20s and a period of political involvement, new freedoms, challenging gender norms, and flappers. -
Period: to
Harlem Renaissance
because of the great migration
black artistic movement -
Period: to
18th amendment and prohibition
Banned sale and production of alcohol
This led to the start of organized crime -
Emergency quota act
- limited immigration from specific countries to 3% of the census population from 1910
- really bad bc fascism in italy and nazis in germany
-
Scopes Trial
Scopes, a teacher in Tennessee, went against the law stating that it is not allowed to teach about evolution.
Teaching about evolution went against religion and many people were offended. -
Election of Herbert Hoover
Created Hoovervilles to combat homelessness
Believed the Great Depression would resolve itself -
the great stock market crash
The stock market crash was not the major cause of the Great Depression, but it hurt the economy’s ability to hold out against its other weaknesses.
This initially affected the wealthy, but trickled down to the poor -
Period: to
Great Depression
Causes:
The stock market crash
Dust Bowl
Overproduction -
Period: to
Dust Bowl
Natural disaster in the great planes
People began leaving the great planes to more urban places, making job competition harder -
Election of Franklin D. Roosevelt
The longest serving president, served 3 and a half terms
Led the US through the Great Depression and WW2. -
21st amendment
repealed the 18th amendment -
Period: to
The New Deal
Passed by FDR in response to the great depression.
It didn’t resolve the depression, but provided hope and boosted income
The 3 R’s relief, recovery, reform Well known acts:
Agricultural Adjustment Act - game economic relief to farmers
Social Security
Tennessee Valley Authority - provided electricity to poorest areas
Works Progress Administration - created jobs and expanded infrastructure. -
neutrality act
aimed to isolate the US from international conflicts and prevent another WW, preventing the selling of arms internationally and said ppl traveling to non-US allied nations did so at their own risk -
Period: to
WWII
Germany invades Poland and France and Great Britain declare war on Germany.
Germany promises Russia half of Poland, if they stay out of the war, and Russia agrees.
Once Germany has invaded France and Britain is losing, they turn to Russia and go deep into their territory. -
US joins WWII and Pearl Harbor
Japanese attack on our military base in Hawaii.
Next day we declared war on Japan, officially entering the war.
The US starts in North Africa and then moves up to Italy and undergoes the most deadly fighting of the War until the Italian peninsula is secured.
Next we go through France and there is a race with the Soviet Union to get to Germany.
Lack of restrain front -
Period: to
Japanese internment
120,000 ppl of Japanese decent people forcibly relocated and incarcerated in ten concentration camps operated by the War Relocation Authority, mostly in the western interior of the country. About two-thirds were U.S. citizens. -
Period: to
Manhattan project
A secret US government program during WW2 on developing the atomic
Meant to end WW2, but instead used after the war on Japan -
GI bill
every soldier that fought in WWII got free college tuition
0% mortgage loan
tried to create generation wealth
excluded women and african americans -
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
-
yalta conference and potsdam conference
decided to split up germany into 3 sectors and berlin into 3 sectors -
Period: to
Cold war
-
truman doctrine
aimed to stop the spread of communism
post WWII
gave countries money and aid (cuz debt from WWII) so they wouldnt become communist -
Period: to
McCarthyism/2nd red scare
- he claimed communists had infiltrated the US gov
- any minority was under suspicion of being communist
- limited free speech/losing jobs/deportation
- civil rights activists were labeled as communists
-
marshall plan
US program meant to provide economic aid to europe to prevent communism -
berlin airlift
soviet union blocked land and water access to berlin (berlin blockade), ppl dont have food, US airlifted food and water to west berlin -
desegregation of the military
truman- strategic move -
NATO is born
collective security -
soviets build first bomb
sparks red scare fears -
fair deal
expanded new deal
more civil rights efforts
truman -
Korean war begins
truman sends troops to korea w/out congressional approval
set a precedent for undeclared wars -
Period: to
sunbelt migration
people moving out of cities to the suburbs, specifically in the sunbelt (southern half of the US)
people following jobs as northeast factory jobs disappeared because the US was moving factories overseas -
Eisenhower elected
led the country through cold war
modern republicanism
wanted to focus on reducing military spending and rely more on military power
farewell address warned against military spendings (military industrial complex) -
execution of julius and ethel rosenberg
executed because they were suspected of being spies for the soviet union and leaking atomic secrets -
new look policy
eisenhower
reduce military spending
promised massive retaliation against the soviets if provoked
aimed to deter war through the policy of "mutually assured destruction" -
Brown v. Board
seperate but equal is unconstitutional
overturned plessy v. ferguston
just in one school district but set a precident -
Warshaw pact
soviet union creates "alliance" with all of the countries it already sorta controls -
Rosa Parks doesn't give up her seat on the bus
led to montgomery bus boycott and rise of MLK -
Period: to
Vietnam War
US didn't really get involved until 1964 -
Southern manifesto
said brown v board was an abuse of judicial power, encouraged the south to ignore it -
Little rock 9
9 black students enrolled at an all white hs in arkansas, gov or arkansas sent troops to stop them, eisenhower sent fed. troops to enforce brown v board
first time a president sent fed troops to enforce civil rights since reconstruction -
USSR launched sputnik
led to NASA (1958)
started space race -
MLK and other activists did the Southern christian leadership conference in atlanta
laid groundwork for NAACP and civil rights movement
compare with Malcom X -
Ponytown v. Virginia
Said segregation in interstate transportation (cross country trains) was illegal -
Bay of Pigs Crisis
Fidel castro (communist leader of cuba)
ordered for american sugar and oil companies in cuba to be taken over by cuban nationalist
cuba is allies with the USSR
american planes landed at bay of pigs,
CIA tried to spark and uprising but it failed bc people liked castro
major embarrassment to the US -
JFK assasinated
texas
assasinated by lee harvey oswald
LBJ became president -
gulf of tankan resolution
got the US really involved in the war (LBJ)
eisenhower and JFK initially got involved in vietnam war but LBJ really started the involvement -
Civil rights act of 1964
LBJ was shamed into action by freedom riders
said that it was illegal to hurt someone based on race
made race based violence illegal
television becoming a big thing made the civil rights movement move faster bc people like the freedom riders would show the violence on the news
bans discrimination on the basis of race gender religion color and national origin -
Period: to
Great Society
under LBJ
influenced by the New Deal
improved health care, social security, food stamps, and civil rights
created Medicare, Medicare, and Food Stamps -
voting rights act
prevented voter discrimination on the basis of race
states known for voter discrimination were monitored by the government
stopped literacy tests -
Period: to
US bombs Cambodia
in an effort to disrupt North Vietnamese supply lines and Communist bases within Cambodian territory during the Vietnam War, caused major internal US tensions and a lot of peace activism in the US -
freedom of information act
said that everything the gov says/does has to eventually become public information -
summer of love
- counter culture
- free expression
- music
- anti-war protests
-
Tet offensive
up until this point, what was happening during the vietnam war wasnt shown, gov just told us citizens they were doing good
north vietnam made a huge push and started gaining on south vietnam and the US -
moon landing
major movement in space race -
stonewall riot
-
Kent State Shooting
ohio national guard fired on unarmed students protesting the war at Kent state university killing some students
led to a national student strike -
26th amendment ratified
lowered voting age from 21 to 18
"old enough to fight, old enough to vote" -
pentagon papers
NYT released classified documents that said that the US gov had been lying about involvement in the Vietnam war (Tet offensive) -
war on drugs begins
Nixon declared drug use "public enemy no.1"
leads to decades of criminalization of drug use/possesion -
Economic shift of 1971
nixon takes US off gold standard -
Watergate Scandal
illegal activities and their coverups that were leaked:
- plan to infiltrate the democratic offices at the watergate hotel to find the dirt to win the election
- burglars were caught and it became known they were working for the White House
nixon v. US when he refused to give tapes that had been recorded in the watergate hotel to law enforcement under subpoena.
nixon resigns in 1974 -
SALT 1
USSR and US sign treaty to limit nuclear weapons -
title 9
federal law that prevented gender discrimination in education and sports -
war powers act
limited presidents power to declare war without congressional approval (bc of vietnam war) -
oil embargo
OPEC was a group of smaller oil producing countries that came together to counteract US oil monopoly and when the US got involved in the arab israeli war (on israeli side), US was boycotted and no oil was exported from these countries to the US, led to oil shortage in the US -
Roe v. Wade
federal regulation that said states couldnt have abortion laws/regulations for the first 2 trimesters
overturned in 2022 -
Paris peace accords
US signed an agreement to end its involvement in the Vietnam war -
Gerald ford becomes president
immediately pardoned nixon -
Energy Dept. Created
-
Panama Canal Treaty
Declared that the panama canal was open for all trade, fazed US military bases out of the canal -
USSR invades afghanistan
to protect a pro-soviet communist gov there -
Iran hostage crisis
american diplomats and citizens taken hostage inside the us embassy in tehran by iranian militants -
Reagan is elected
- ended cold war
- reaganomics (tax cuts, reduce gov spending, increased military spending)
-
9/11