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Most instruments were only used in secular music.
-Chordophones:harp,psaltery,rebec...
-Aerophones:shawm,cornamuse,portative organ...
Mebranophones:square hand drum,tambor
Idiophones:tejoletas,idiophones
https://youtu.be/zuk6p95wzoA -
The first compiller of Gregorian chant, we call it like him in honour of him.
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Gregorian chant was called like this in honour of Pope Gregory The Great
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The Roman Catholic Church compiled its liturgical plainsongs.
Characterictics:
- Monophonic texture
- Uses modal scales and and is in free time
- The text is in Latin, with a religious theme
- Performed by male voices, alternates between a soloist and a choir, or between two choirs. It was necessary to write them down, so the first symbols were called neumes and and they were written in the tops of trhe words. A neumatic notational system was used on a four line-stave -
Syllabic, one note per syllable. Neumatic, a small group of notes each syllable. Melismatic, a lot of notes per syllable.
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MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
-Monophonic texture
-It uses modal scales and is in free time
-It's in Latin with a religious theme
-It's performed by male voices https://youtu.be/kK5AohCMX0U -
The first symbols were called NEUMES and they were written on the top of the words to show the changes of the pitch.
A neumatic notational system was used, on a four-line stave -
A second voice was added to plainsong and the polyphony was born. Mensural notation included the first symbols related to metre ans asigned note values depending on the duration of the notes.
Polyphonic forms:
- Organum
- Discaunt
- Conductus -
-The composer is known.
-Monophonic texture, with instrumental accompanimet
-Composed with modal scales and rhythmic modes.
-Composed to entertain, about secular or religiouss topics and in the vernacular
-Performed by misntrels in public spaces and in palaces -
HE INVENTING THE GUIDONIAN HAND AND CREATED THE FOUR-LINE STAVE AND GAVE THDE NOTES THE NAMES THAT WE STILL USE TODAY.
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He created the four-line stave and gave the names of the notes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iR3bJKk1Xc -
SHE COMPOSED A TOTAL OF 78 LITURGICAL PIECES OF MUSIC FOR HER CONGREGATION.
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Carmina Burana is a famous collection of this type of composition and the manuscript dates back to the 12th and 13th centuries.
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There are written in songbooks, from the reign of King Alfonso X the Wise.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opEXfcsl2YQ -
Who were wandering clerics or mendicant students.
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The modern period started with the fall of the Bizantine Empire in1453 and ended with the French Revolution in 1789.
The Renaissance was an influential cultural movement that started in Italy and spread all over Europe during the 15th and 16th -
Renaissance music developed new textures :
-Imitative counterpoint, several melodic lines that start at different times.
-Homorhythmic homophony, several similar melodic lines that move simultaneously.
-Melody-dominated homophonic, a main melodic line that can be identified with harmonic accompainment. -
Three forms:
-Motet, this form became the most important, religious and included more parts.
-Mass, long composition with liturgical text. In Latin.
-Chorale, the most common form in the Protestant liturgy based on pre-existing melodies sung in the vernacular -
-Compositions based on vocal music, tiento
-Compositions with an improvisational feel, toccata
-Variations, diferencias -
Italy; madrigal was the dominant form.
England; songs ,1 voice+instrumental accompainment
France; chanson ,several voices+instrumental accompainment
Spain; romance, villancico and ensalada -
Fugue: One movment, based on the same musical idea, performed by different parts that started at different times, giving imitative counterpoint
Suite: series of various dances with different character, rhytms and tempos, written for solist or for orchestra.
Sonata: consisted of four movments, alterning between fast and slows tempos. It was written for a max of three instruments and always in basso continuo
Concerto: Grosso: performed bay a group of soloists, concertino, dialogue with orchestra. -
New dramatic forms:
The Cantata was originally secular, but the church used it to spread its teaching, using texts that worshipped God. It consisted of a secuence of recitatives, arias and choruses. The Oratorio was similar to opera, but with a religious plot, a narrator and a large choir. The passion was similar to oratorio, but related exclusively to the passion and death of christ, and it was inspired by the gospels. -
Both vocal and instrumental music was composed with the texture of melody dominated homophony.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BLr7Yt_ehw -
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In the baroque period, dance in society was mainly courtly and refined, with precise, synchronised and choreographed movements that left no room for improvisation.
Chaconne: appeared in spain with slow tempo and triple metre
Ballet: appeared in france. This theatrical genre involved songs and dances performed by members of court dressed in luxurious costumes and masks. -
In this period intrumental music became just as important as vocal music and the first works written for the orchestra appeared.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SaCheA6Njc4&list=RDQMiJZWdHWO4Vk&start_radio=1 -
musicians came together to play in improvised groups
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Secular vocal form that aimed to revive classical greek theatre. In Italy the opera seria or dramatic opera, written in italian and based on mythology or heroic stories, was especially popular. After this, came the opera buffa or comic opera, written in vernacular. These operas sometimes criticised the wealthier social classes.
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Vivaldi was a composer and priest from Venice.He was the violin teacher at the conservatory of the orphange of pieta and he wrote operas, oratorios and over 450 concertos.
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Opera seria: https://youtu.be/Ba9K_T5ivTQ
Opera buffa:https://youtu.be/aiNDcJ7x30w
Religious vocal music:https://youtu.be/sPlhKP0nZII -
Woodwind instruments:
https://youtu.be/YT_63UntRJE
Brass instruments:
https://youtu.be/KgxuzMilgC8
Struck string instruments:
https://youtu.be/x8N7mFboGnc -
Sonata:performed by one or two soloists
Trio,quartet,quintet:composed for different chamber ensembles
Symphony:performed by orchestra
Concerto:performed by a soloist and the orchestra -
-Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga stands out for his early talent,which got him the nickname 'the Spanish Mozart'
-Fernando Sor,was well known for his works for guitar -
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The piano developed technically and achieved a great expressive ability. Short pieces for solo piano: they were shorter than a sonata,simple and had a free musical structure
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2G6xMcUUbEA Chamber music:the piano was played in duets,trios,quartets and quintets
https://youtu.be/-KoTfvaaiFc Longer works:it included concertos for piano and orchestra -
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ELCTROPHONES: https://www.youtube.com/user/Electrophones
IDIOPHONES: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJBB7c8bFZA -
- IMPRESSIONISM: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYOeH-EF00s
- EXPRESSIONISM: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ag18Np_JInY&list=PL8q5BmYRBCkIt24IIqpSSz6kGSj-AyGqo . ATONALITY AND 12 TONE TECHNIQUE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEY9lmCZbIc
- NEOCLASSICISM: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShIYpjSYoZI
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- ALEATORIC MUSIC:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xabYn35ngaY
- MUSIQUE CONCRETÉ: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q936mBiArZQ&list=PLUpIWHnoHbGx3FREl_0Lbwmr-jfYujkX3
- ELECTRONIC AND ELECTROACOUSTIC MUSIC: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ephfK_MdihY&list=PL377912D603DB058B
- MINIMAL MUSIC: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z21U56xpZWs&list=PLJHbfOc5Y6vrmPmD_Bq-_NtXemmbCSS3c
