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The Catholic Church only allowed the organ in liturgy and no other instruments. Most instruments were only used in secular music. Nobody wrote these compositionsdown, so we don´t have a faithful record of what they were like.
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The Roman Catholic Church compiled its liturgical plainsongs. Gregorian chant was called in honour of Pope Gregory the Great
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- Monophonic texture, without instrumental accompaniment. -Use of modal scales and is in free time -The text is in Latin with religious theme. -Performed by male voices and alternates between a soloist and the choir, or between two choirs.
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They established rules of musical notation. The first symbols were called neumes and they were written on top of the words to show the changes of pitch. A neumatic notational system was used on a four-line stave.
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A second voice was added to plainsong and polyphony was born.
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- Monophonic texture with instrumental accompaniment
- It uses modal scales and rhythmic modes. -Designed for fun or entertainment
- It´s writtten in the local language.
- It´s performed by male and female voices.
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-Minstrels: Musicians who played secular music. They had two functions Some of them performed in village or city to entertain the people, and court misntrels were part of the court in palaces. -Goliards: They wrote poetry in Latin, which was often satirical or critical of the Church.
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Musical notation was also envolving, because a more precise system was needed to write the rhythmic richness of the more complex polyphony ( Mensural notation) Polyphonic forms: -Organum: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QH71sxmG9wY
-Discantus: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTaCjhIxO4s
-Conductus: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1t59qIY3i5c -
The songs of minstrels were written in songbooks. One of the most common is the Cantigas de Santa María from the reign of King Alfonso X the Wise.
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He was a teacher in the cathedral school in Arezzo, Italy. As well as inventing the Guidonian hand, he created the four-line stave and gave the notes the names that we stil use today. To do this, he used a hymn dedicated to Saint John the Baptist called Ut Queant Laxis.
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Italy: - madrigal. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_o1xDJyiOU
Inglaterra: - songs.
France: - chansons.
Spain: -romance.
- villancico.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9db4ocgfmCw
- ensalada.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCTaLuLPfX4 -
-Motet. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNbVNVCw-to
-Mass.
-Chorale. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOTY2AnN62s -
-Compositions based on vocal music (tiento). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBAEIewAvvg
-Compositions based on improvational feel (toccata) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLlQWVwlSjM
-Variations (differencias). -
1º) Imitative counterpoint: Several independent melodic lines imitate each other, but they start at diferent times. The simplest one is the canon. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOqHEw5Ll_8
2º) Homorhythmic homophony: Several similar melodic lines that move simultaneously. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZGaZtR4LbA
3º) Melody-dominated homophony. There is a main melodic line that can be identified clearly, with a harminic accompaniment. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RgClsrWBLY -
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- Arouse emotions -Contrasting elements and overlaborate melodies
- Based on diatonic scales
- Insistent rhythms with repeated beats
- Texture: melody-dominated homophony
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It was composed with the texture of melody-dominated homophony.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTGVOvTv0zE -
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It has different sections:
- Basso continuo
- Strings
- Wind
- Percussion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WvmCcaqUIY -
Fugue: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddbxFi3-UO4
Suite: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CM_J3r-Nt4
Sonata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j69IL3QAVdg
Concerto: There are 3 types:
- Concerto grosso: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RydMnTCwJvQ
- Concertino: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHIuEBQ8238
- Solo concerto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ne7XYi1i5l0 -
It first appeared in Italy as a long narrative composition. There are two types of opera.
-Opera seria(dramatic opera): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0evKSG3-SI
- Opera buffa ( comic opera): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiNDcJ7x30w -
-Overture: Introduction to work, gives a taste of melodies that will come
-Interlude: Secton that gives time for scene changes.
- Recitative: Semi-sung part. It helps to tell te story
-Aria: Part where one or two soloists perform
-Chorus: Part performed by all the singers or a large proportion -
-Cantata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qI3CFEs8Mc0
-Oratorio: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98UjjwzJBFE
-Passion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0yjZNbBTnY -
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Sonata: -Sonata form: ABA´ -Theme and variations: AA1A2A3
-Minuet:ABA -Rondo: ABACA
There are different names:
- Sonata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oIdtq9E2ZU
- Trio, quartet, quintet, etc: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwPz7rWLxv0
- Symphony: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOjHhS5MtvA
-Concerto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNU-XAZjhzA -
Orchestra: It added an orchestra conductor and larger concert halls.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOjHhS5MtvA -
-Opera seria: Mythological or historical plots. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXk8ilGn0c4
- Opera buffa: Everyday situations plots with some comedy or romance. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKU6Qwr1-xc -
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-Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbkILM0x_z4
- Fernando Sor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEota4mmJnc
-Luigi Boccherini: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dmWAve3Pvk
- Vicente Martín y Soler: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSD8n0Q2oUc -
-Balanced, clear and bright. - Express formal perfection and beauty
-Forms with well defined-structures and smooth transitions
-It emphasised the melody, using short musical phrases that were symmetrical.
- Use of a simple harmony. - Use of melody-dominated homophony. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auP64YEsotw -
- Express emotions
- Aiming for virtuosity -Important means of expression in melodies -Wider vocabulary in scores -Melody-dominated homophony -Appearing in small musical forms designed for venues -Aiming for unity by using the repetition of musical ideas
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1)Woodwind:
-Saxophone: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcAyZuvQIZI
-Contrabassoon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xSlEe9i2A4
2) Brass:
-Trombone: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBVU_ejKHfI
-Tuba: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYOsNp4O7AU
3) Percussion:
- Celesta: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faHXQugcz9A
-Bass drum: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D07NA-7B4pE -
- Short pieces for solo piano: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWpHS7t4IkM
- Chamber music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KoTfvaaiFc
- Longer works: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yM8CFR01KwQ
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- Programme music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ledg3A1b7vo
- Programme symphony: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0jhkYx2x5Y
- Symphonic poem: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=budSyYjt5cw
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- In Italy: Bel canto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjY8IOExv_k Verismo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rvvmHxghjg
- In Germany: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDGjCYVtHRo
- In France: Grand opera: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHAzkgAIrtk Operetta: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5eqwhSyRis
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Zarzuela:
- Zarzuela grande: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kbylv1dpt_0
- Género chico: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lADUG11BbNk
Lied: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rno4wrkSIzY -
- Russia. The Five: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwDoV2zsULE
- Hungary: Ethnomusicology: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYKxvKnbAis
- Spain. Felipe Pedrell: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V59WWAxzTYU
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- Ballet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VcO5zlUsbo
- Ballroom dances: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsbUt0T1Pw8
- Waltz: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXqre5Egnmo
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-Imprssionism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lof6AHvXCPw
- Expresionism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sakZz-8gKCo
- Sprechgesang: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyh-Wvxpe8k
- Atonality: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_CGHbd_rhg
- Twelve-tone technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YifVP91wPiI
- Neoclassicism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x93i1N-z03U -
It represented Spanish musical nationalism.
- Generación del 27: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ye-FvKCZp3s
- Generación del 51: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ys5a0aq4Gh4 -
- Ballets Russes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37nWgmDkgSY
- Contemporary dance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_63g5TICeY
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Characteristics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVWGRB0jL78
INSTRUMENTS:
- Theremin: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6KbEnGnymk
-Sampler: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aw70LqYUUCY
-Synthesiser: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeMcbhXvLsM
- Vibraphone: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y02VBGoTi9w -
- Aleatoric music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_ik4VMcLkA
- Musique concréte: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZkHo7KiY-TI
- Electroacoustic music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMZZxt_sFww
- Electronic music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6pcAMgSW6s
- Minimal music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaYvMwQd3cs