-
Period: to
johnson presidency
president from 1963-1969
democrat -
brezhnev in power 1964 oct
intro consumer socialism- 'reformist' by MAO, wanted. -
15 october 1964 fall of kruschev
while he was on holiday brezhnev led a coup that would take power into his hands- would lead from 1964-1982- 10 november -
brezhnev doctrine 1968
3 august 19681968, introduced so he would have more control over east eu.
show willingness to intervene into any state in which socialist rule was under threat. -
ostopolitik
improv east-west relat, abandon hallstein doctrine
agree and acknowl oder-neisse border
negot and improv relat with west
done by willy brandt who was mayor from 1966-69 and then chancellor of west berlin -
Period: to
nixon presidency
president from 1969-1972
republican -
willy brandt becomes chancellor of FRG
would go on to improve relations between east and west- ostopolitik- eastern policy -
cambodia prince overthrown by lon nol
in 1970 the prince of Cambodia, prince Sinhaouk was overthrown by lon nol made khmer republic, was in aid of USA gave them weapons and money, but was a corrupt de motvated regime, eventually had an army of 150k but suffered heavily from guerrilla insurgencies from the khumer rouge. -
chile
very imprt for usa
bussns influential, silver and coppr mines and dominated telecommunic systems
comm top polls in 1970, CIA covert missions remove salvador allende- just another castro
he started doing land reform and nationalised the mines and businesses
usa placed insane tariffs, alongside un economically alienate chile, lead to high unemployment and econ difficulties which then caused ppl to strike- some orchestrated by cia
he was then killed (1973 and a 25 yr brutal dictatorship ensued. -
no agression pact signed aug 1970 moscow treaty
Brandt negotiate with soviets.
signed between soviets and west ger
aug 12 1970
would permit to start better relations with the west -
treaty pol- ger 7 dec 1970
treaty of warsaw- recognised oder- neisse border and made relations between ger and poland. -
Enrich Honnecker came power 1971 may
replaced walter ulbrich- regarded as last stalinist,
honnkr hlpd improv relats. may 1971 -
four power negotiations over berlin
was a treaty to show frg that despite ostopolitik and bettering relations with the east, the usa would still be aligned and help west ger
fr,usa and brit wanted ussr to confirm that west berlin links with frg and so would have free access to the west
signed 3 september 1971
soviets concede three vital principles-
west berlin ties with frg recogn
west berlnrs can visit east brlnrs]unimpeded traffic between west berlin and frg -
Moscow summit may 1972
may 1972, where SALT talks were finalised and agreed.
and set out basic principles of relations between the USA and the USSR
agrd 12 principles
3 rlly import= 1st basc princ: peaceful co-exist,
2nd avoid conflict, prvnt nuke war and situation that rise intern tensions. -
2 gers recogn eachother dec 1972
huge breakthrough in detente- they recogn eachother
hallstein doctrine officially dead.
usa recogn usa must dvlp detente with ussr before west ger detente marginalises usa influence out of eu -
nixon visit china 1972
brought sino-us tensions to end.
carter influencd by brezinski- dfs secr- china huge import for us glbl strtgy.
den xiaop- same view.- succesor of mao- 1976
potent obstcle to sino-us relat= taiwan
he visits from feb 21-28 -
SALT I 1972
strategic arms limitation- took 5yrs to come to agree with.
general move to control arms/ nukes ussr and usa
made of: anti-ballistic missile treaty 26 may 1972
ussr and usa only allowed 2 fields of abms- each with no more than 100 missiles. one around cap and other around nuke site.
And INTERIM AGRMNT on strategci offnsv arms: limit on icbms and slbms each side could deploy -
anti- ballistic missile treaty
was one of the main agrmnts on SALT I
limit ussr and usa to construct two fields of ABMS - no more that 100.
ussr placed on around moscow and usa put one around an ICMS site.
made ABMS useless -
interim agreement on the limitations of strategic offnsv arms
made 26 may 1972 as part of the SALT I agrmnts
limit nb of icbms and slbms each side could deploy. aswell as mirvs eachside could carry.
froze nb of existing launchers at the one they're at.
USA at 1054 icbms, ussr 1618
656 slbms usa, 740 ussr
450 strategic bmbrs, 140 USSR VALID ONLY 5YRS- no agree on mirvs and newer tech -
Basic treaty
attmpt to normalise relat between 2.
signd in east berlin 21/12/1972
commtd to further econ relat
recogn sovernty
gave way to other country relat with GDR
took official effect in june 1973- some countries like australia- dec 1972, uk, nthrlnds, fr- feb 1973 make relations -
FRG and GDR mbs of UN
by end of 1973 both in UN -
chile fall
salvador allende killed- usa force worl bank to economically alienate chile and wrkd- high inflationn
allende killed in 1973 and sympathisers jailed, a dictatorship followed for 25yrs -
usa stop bmb cambodia
done in 1972 under the paris peace accords of 27 january 1973, thought that now with the removal of US and nrth viet khumer rouge would subside and gov become victorious esp as only 40k khmer rouge but 150k gov soldiers. Not case khumer rouge continued fighting- leder was pol pot -
grenada invsn usa oct 1973
under pretext of helping us medical stdnts studying
fear comm rule in carribean
leftist military coup under coard faction
usa dvlp 7000 strng invsn force
internat reaction strong- usa imprlsm
ussr pissd- ask negotiators to leave the geneva arm control talks -
Vladivostok summit nov 1974
kssngr chief negotiat with ussr, talks to brezhnev about mvmnt of stratg missile on both sides
try make plan for next 10 yrs,
preliminary move towards SALT II-
agree equal nb of icbms and slbm launchers.
some opposition in usa internal gov -
henry kissingeer visits moscow oct 1974
pre vladivostok summit -
james schesinger secret of defen
on arms race he thoufh usa should have stratgc superior over ussr
was under nixon and ford -
angola
war- diff factions proxy war
portugal retreat and so power grab
vast oil supply
mao, china send adivosrs
diff parties FNLA- sprtd by china, usa
MPLA- sprtd by ussr and cuba
usa sent $300,000 covertly help fund fnla
kssngr conv ford to send $25mill in supplies and $16mill in arms to FNLA -
chinese help to fnla
was backed by china, usa - china in june 1974 gave 120 military advisors -
thieu resignation
due to high nb of defeats through 1973 thieu resign
21 april 1974 -
nguyen van thieu resign
resigned and fled, yr later saigon fell -
vietnam war product
by end 58,000 us soldiers had died in viet and the cost was $167 billion
about 2.7 million americans served in Vietnam at time, served the longest battle time than any other war in american history this would amount to 9% of the population of the time.
clemency towards draft doggers as 100k left mostly to canada inorder to avoid war. controversial
many soldiers were ostracised by society- seen as supporting us policies and many suffered psychological probs -
cambodia fell to commies 1975
1975 Phon Phem was captured by the Khumer rouge who isolated it and then attacked, the gov tried to fend off the attack by digging a trench around the capital phon phem but it was no use. commies brutal half the population became refugees and then vietnam invaded in 1978 25 dec with approval from soviets and removed the khumer rouge and installed a new leader Heng Samrin -
the congress pass resolution supporting vladivostok feb 1975
the treaty was seen as a preliminary move towards slat 2 made a plan for 10 years and agreed nuclear parity between the two superpowers. Equal levels of ICBMS and SLBM launchers.
resolution passed to support this in february 1975 despite some opposition from gov who thought the ussr making gainsn and retaining large levels of weapons -
bombing of viet by end product
643,000 tones of bombs were dropped on north and 700,000 tones on south, alongside agent orange and napalm ( more bombs then were dropped in the entirety of ww2)
85% of pop had top be resettled -
vietnam deaths by end
1.1 mill vietcong dided and up to 1/3 million arvn died as well as approx 250,000 civilians -
cambodia 1975
khmer rouge- commies- pol pot
nation used as battle foder
sprin 1975 khmer rouge control
usa angry with cambod idrct supprt cambod- but small country couldnt do anything
most of vietcong based east cambod-
more than 2mill tons of mbms btwn 1969-73 done in secret -
camodia after sth viet fell communism
had 4yrs of caos,
capital evacuated with 2 mill ppl pol pot- said 1975 yr 0 back to agriculture and tradition, sick and elderly drgd out, mass extermination.
lost 95% dctrs, 85% tchrs, huge famine- 2 mill ppl out of 8 mill died.
chinese and viet wiped out- ethnic cleansing. -
henry kissinger convinced ford send more aid
$25 mill in supplies and $16 mill in arms
july 1975 to angola -
fnla- pro us faction in angola
usa sent $300,000 covert funding in jan 1975 to help them. -
FNLA- angola
backed by SA, fear if MPLA win , undermine SA inflnc in Africn nationl congress
oct 1975 march on luanada, protctd by cubans at time -
south Vietnamese troops surrender
south troops surrend to north , viet reunif and comm intro in south, 1.5 mill ppl flee
30 april 1975 -
Helsinki accords
eu detente reach high point
35 states came- includ cand and usa- all eu countires except albania.
each had right to veto
3 baskets agrd
baskt 1- security in eu
baskt 2- co-op in econ,scien,tech and environm
baskt3- human rights -
USA opposition in gov towards salt 2
Joint chief of staff chairman Donald Rumsfield and general George Brown, many others, includ ford presd- oppose kssngr, new plan propose to brezhnv= reject. clear no SALT II agreemnts to be reachd.
was election yr so ford, wantd support -
ussr navy transport to angola
depite the proclamation of detente- the ussr continued building up its navy vessel to aid it to project its global power. in 1976 it was able to transport 12k cuban troops to angola to aid the MPLA -
soviet ss-20 missiles
the first blow to the helsinki accords came when the soviets placed the ss-20 medium range nuclear missiles in central europe in 1976. These could travel between 600 and 5500kms and so posed a threat to all NATO stated in Europe.
NATO- response if no agreement reached with soviets then they too place perishing and cruise missiles in europe by 1983 -
other countries recogn mpla as angola
mpla started claiming victory since 1975 but was not formally recognised by the other african countires until 1976 -
ussr ss-20 missiles in central eu
this breached detente, the 1968 non proliferation treaty so already jeopardising detente, these could travel 550-6000 km and so was undermining natos strategic strategy. usa try get brzhnv removed, he thought the usa was facing alot of oppost from at home green parties and so wouldn't risk placing nukes in eu, didn't want to give up a military upperhand. but by 1983 the usa too placed perishing II and cruise missiles in eu countries -
SEATO DISBANDED
SEATO disbanded bcuz of laos, cambodia and viet, obviously was not proving to effective -
den xiaoping 1976
new ldr of china after mao
emphasis on centrality, economy over revolutions
1st chinese comm to visit the usa- 1979
obtained us tacit approval before invsn of vietnam -
cuban troops help mpla secure victory
by jan 1976 there were 12,000 cuban troops helped mpla win by march 1976
angostino neto- prsdnt of angola
ussr ratify 20yr of friendship
they sprs coup by pro ussr, have 52,000 trooops in angola by 1988 and their friendship remains till end of cw -
somali invade ogaden july 1977
ogadden was given to ethiopia follwng end of ww2 but was actually somalian territory
usa back somalia bcuz ethiopia commie/ vry liveral gov- ethiopia poltc instability, emperor haile selassie overthrown by volonel mengistu ethiopia gain cuban snad sov sprt on ideological basis follwng somali invsn
cuba help- castro send troops by 1978 15,000 cuban soldrs- brezhnev thank castro for aligning policies -
carter administration began
was prsdnt from 20 jan 1977- wantd to hugely increase arms reduc prgrm.
cartr under signif pressure.
esp from ZBIGNIEW BREZINSKI- under carter he was the national security advisor- adpt hard line position on arms reduct -
Period: to
Jimmy carter
president from 20 jan 1977 to 20 jan 1981 -
USSR receive proposal from carter adminis
carter adminis not intrestd in simply finish ksngr plan from vladivstok- want continue and improv,
28 march 1977 ussr get details
reduce strtgc systm from 2400 agrd at vldvstk to 1800 and 2000 and nb launchrs rom 1320 to 1100
mdrn 1cbms-150, nb launchrs icbms and mirvs to 550.
ban all cruise missile range over 2500
heavy bmbrs can have lnchrs- range 600-2500
brzhnv though vladivstk agrmnt = binding so carter behave in very unaccpt manner -
breaking of nrth viet and prc relat
during the war, sino-sov split nrth not relly involved only gol was to unify viet, took aid from both, but when soviet and sino advisors got into an arg in viet, viet sided with ussr, in 1978 they also joined the soviet economic bloc- china retalliate invade viet and a few months heavy fighting, had to retreat but relationship severed -
Pope Paul II elected
he was a polish pope, imprtn for solidarity mvmnt, went a showed sprt for anti comm
visited pol 1979
pope spoke of need to reunit eu , open brdrs and reconcilliation of ppl
12 mill poles witnessed this.
his first encyclical as a pope wa on the dignity of man and the protection of human rights -
viet- cambodia war
started in 1978 december, over border disputes. khumer rouge overthrown - commies and a new gov put into place -
china- usa agrmnt taiwan dec 1978
china concede on demand usa cease aid militry to taiwan.
usa- taiwan prblm resolv peacefully.
agrd to diplomatic relat- sino-us from 1979 1 jan -
ussr- usa nuke probs
usa- cartr couldnt get ussr to agree to stop produc of ss-20 missiles- or reduc hvy stck missiles.
usa readrss grwng nuke inbalance bough about new wpns- establ new stealth bmbs -
Afghn= Mahammad Daoud khan overthrown
he was the kings former cousin, he was in power since 1973, was not left enough small factions unhappy- failure to implement socialist policies -
Iran revolution 1979
this happened pre-afghanistan where the shah who was the pro-us government was overthrown by ayatollah khomeini who was an anti-usa islamist, the usa thought he would not provide a stable gov and thus would be suscpetible to leftist influence, worried expansion of communism in middle east
in a meeting carter told brzhnv that usa did not intervene and so they shouldnt either, was seen as an expanisonist strategy to get infl in oil rich areas -
increase militry expeditins dec 1979
dec 1979 carter convncd eu allies to increase military expeditions by 3% and deploy s72 pershing II and cruise missiles.
ussr continue deploy ss-20 throughout warsaw pact allies.
threat to NATO defence stratgy -
SALT II 1979
limit of 2250 delivery systems -
ussr invade afghn
the former kings cousin mohammedd dhaoud khan overthrown by pdpa- not implmnt socialist reforms. a faction of the leftist regime took charge but susceptible to influence, ussr fear that they would align with the usa and china. share a 2500km border- also islamist central states of asia are in ussr and so fear the impact that all this would have on the ussr -
deng visits usa
fist chinese comm ldr to do so -
Period: to
deng xiaoping visit USA
was fundamental step in their relationship, he viisted factories, went to a texas rodeo, visited NASA, marked the importance of relations between sino-usa -
Period: to
den xiaoping
visit usa from 29 jan 1979 to 4 feb 1979 -
Vienna summit june 1979
despt delays both ussr and usa want salt II
agrmnt finally announcd and signed 9 may 1979
limit on nirvs, same ambount of icbms and slbms set at 2.4k -
soviet oper in afgh 1979
between 24 and 27 december the soviets flew in 50,000 soviet troops into kabul. within months there were 100k troops, they wanted to remove the unpopular comm president hafizullah amin and replace him with babrak kamal- inorder to get out and ensure a stable afgh- with which it shared a long border with. but babrak seen as puppet of sov- didnt have ppls sprt, afgh army disintegr, sov have to do all fighting alone. -
xiaojiping- econ change
the fact that they changed the economic structure to trade and had market economies undermined the soviet claim that communism was doing better in that regard -
poland solidarity
started with a strike in a lenin shipyard in Gadansk
the leader LECH WALESA- started bcuz they wanted to fire somoene who worked their for long time. And protest rise in high food prices- 100% increase
not meant to be political or anti-comm just wanted reform states relat with ppl
10 mill mbs -
ussr evil empire - reagan
-
Stop any agrmnt of salt II
carter asks the senate to stop talks because of sov invasion of afgh, which was seen as a breach of detente and huge growing tensions -
carter and us measures against ussr
limits on fishing- ussr in usa water
embargo on trade
ban on sale of high techn and strategic items to sovs
usa econ and milit aid to pkstn to increase state security -
carter doctrine
defense of the persian gulf, basically containment but in asia
set up to stop ussr infl in region
would be done militarily so build up US strategic forces
strnghtn relat with china, also tried to get west to stop east-west detente in eu but it was working beneficially in eu and so the european countries refused -
strikes in polandnjuly aug 1980
due to the huge economic crisis, started with 300,000 workers going on strike in response to government immposed rises in food prices of up to 100 percent
supposed to slow down polands rapidly increasing foreign debt -
usa arm expenditure 1981 reagan
reagan increased arm expenditure as soon as he got into office increased so that it made up 30% of all gov spending fron 1981-85 -
carter increase defence budget
-
Margaret Thatcher letter to reag of support
honeymoon of anlo-amrc relat
constant visitng eachothers countries
speech in parliament- 'crusade of freedom against sov
reagan 'freedon on offensive' -
martial law imposed poland
demonstrations banned, gatherings- made solidarnosc go underground
made a curfew of 10pm-6am
official permission needed to go away from home for more than 48hrs
only one state radio and tv station allowed
jaruleski-ldr of pol in chrge until 1989 and 700,000 ppl fled
initially poliburo- main policy making adminsit ussr decided not to do anything not worth the west sanctions and response -
Brezhnev dead
would be succeeded by yuri andropov -
START
strtg arms reduc talks- stalled, began in mid 1982- the gap vry wide
but usa deploy cruise missile to eu- PERSHING II- so ussr abandon talks- hoped that by abandoning talks the western powers would put more pressure on usa to adopt a more realistic stance, usa blamed ussr given that it was the power that abandoned the talks -
nicaragua
sandista regime aligned with sovs FSLN- sandistas national liberation front
usa, carter gave weapons and helped train contrarevolucionarios who were anti commies, ex-somoza supporters -
ronald reagan speech
amy 1983- the us was responsible for unrest on global scale
move twrds unilaeralism
adrss sov challenge by abandng detent
ussr 'evil empire' -
able archer
a NATO exercise believed to be a real attack, the ussr were on high alert, fear of a war. -
sov nuclear alarm false
dismissed as a computer malfunction- by lt.petrov , close to a nuke war -
SDI strategic defense initiative
strategic defense initiative= SDI
defense system at protecting the usa from a nuke attack- thatcher unhappy would leave the uk and rest of eu vulnerable -
KAL 007 shot down
was a south korean play that went into ussr air space, they thought it was a spy plane and they shot it down.
West furious- had 61 americans on board, 269 ppl, all dead -
yuri andropov evluation of reagan adminis
in the wake of the KAL 007 inciedent the ldr of the ussr, yuri andropov issued a statement seeking to evaluate the soviet perception of the regan administ- the incident was seen as usa espionage - the report said that the administ was pursuinng a military strg thrtn world peace, seeking to estab usa as global power while disregarding the interest of other nations -
ivan and anya speech
reagan , speech about if ivan and anya where to meet john and sally, despite ongoing cw they would likely discuss similar topics, kids, dreams and similar hopes
want peace, hope of a good life for them and their families and live without fear
emphasis that commies and usa not that diffrnt
war fuelled by ideology and gov not ppl -
gorbachev
gorbachev ' a man one could do business with'
was siad by margaret thatcher- british pm after the first time meeting on 16 dec -
cuban troops in angola
by 1988 there were 52k troops, the angolans were mostly dependent on cuba as opposed to ussr- esp after cuba helped agostinho neto when a pro ussr leader try to take control through a coup
cuba offered health, tech and educ experts long with programmes where angolans would go to cuba to learn