-
Period: to
johnson presidency
president from 1963-1969
democrat -
brezhnev in power 1964 oct
intro consumer socialism- 'reformist' by MAO, wanted. -
brezhnev doctrine 1968
nov 1968, introduced so he would have more control over east eu.
show willingness to intervene into any state in which socialist rule was under threat. -
ostopolitik
improv east-west relat, abandon hallstein doctrine
agree and acknowl oder-neisse border
negot and improv relat with west
done by willy brandt who was mayor from 1966-69 and then chancellor of west berlin -
Period: to
nixon presidency
president from 1969-1972
republican -
chile
very imprt for usa
bussns influential, silver and coppr mines and dominated telecommunic systems
comm top polls in 1970, CIA covert missions remove salvador allende- just another castro -
no agression pact signed aug 1970
Brandt negotiate with soviets.
signed between soviets and west ger
aug 12 1970 -
treaty pol- ger 7 dec 1970
treaty of warsaw- recognised oder- neisse border and made relations between ger and poland. -
Enrich Honnecker came power 1971 may
replaced walter ulbrich- regarded as last stalinist,
honnkr hlpd improv relats. may 1971 -
SALT I 1972
strategic arms limitation- took 5yrs to come to agree with.
general move to control arms/ nukes ussr and usa
made of: anti-ballistic missile treaty 26 may 1972
ussr and usa only allowed to fields of abms- showed they recogn each others destrucv power.
And INTERIM AGRMNT on strategci offnsv arms: limit on icbms and slbms each side could deploy -
Moscow summit may 1972
may 1972, where SALT talks were finalised and agreed.
and set out basic principles of relations between the USA and the USSR
agrd 12 principles
3 rlly import= 1st basc princ: peaceful co-exist,
2nd avoid conflict, prvnt nuke war and situation that rise intern tensions. -
2 gers recogn eachother dec 1972
huge breakthrough in detente- they recogn eachother
hallstein doctrine officially dead.
usa recogn usa must dvlp detente with ussr before west ger detente marginalises usa influence out of eu -
nixon visit china 1972
brought sino-us tensions to end.
carter influencd by brezinski- dfs secr- china huge import for us glbl strtgy.
den xiaop- same view.- succesor of mao- 1976
potent obstcle to sino-us relat= taiwan -
anti- ballistic missile treaty
was one of the main agrmnts on SALT I
limit ussr and usa to construct two fields of ABMS - no more that 100.
ussr placed on around moscow and usa put one around an ICMS site.
made ABMS useless -
interim agreement on the limitations of strategic offnsv arms
made 26 may 1972 as part of the SALT I agrmnts
limit nb of icbms and slbms each side could deploy. aswell as mirvs eachside could carry.
froze nb of existing launchers at the one they're at.
USA at 1054 icbms, ussr 1618
656 slbms usa, 740 ussr
450 strategic bmbrs, 140 USSR VALID ONLY 5YRS- no agree on mirvs and newer tech -
Basic treaty
attmpt to normalise relat between 2.
signd in east berlin 21/12/1972
commtd to further econ relat
recogn sovernty
gave way to other country relat with GDR
took official effect in june 1973- some countries like australia- dec 1972, uk, nthrlnds, fr- feb 1973 make relations -
FRG and GDR mbs of UN
by end of 1973 both in UN -
chile fall
salvador allende killed- usa force worl bank to economically alienate chile and wrkd- high inflationn
allende killed in 1973 and sympathisers jailed, a dictatorship followed for 25yrs -
grenada invsn usa oct 1973
under pretext of helping us medical stdnts studying
fear comm rule in carribean
leftist military coup under coard faction
usa dvlp 7000 strng invsn force
internat reaction strong- usa imprlsm
ussr pissd- ask negotiators to leave the geneva arm control talks -
Vladivostok summit nov 1974
kssngr chief negotiat with ussr, talks to brezhnev about mvmnt of stratg missile on both sides
try make plan for next 10 yrs,
preliminary move towards SALT II-
agree equal nb of icbms and slbm launchers.
some opposition in usa internal gov -
james schesinger secret of defen
on arms race he thoufh usa should have stratgc superior over ussr -
angola
war- diff factions proxy war
portugal retreat and so power grab
vast oil supply
mao, china send adivosrs
diff parties FNLA- sprtd by china, usa
MPLA- sprtd by ussr and cuba
usa sent $300,000 covertly help fund fnla
kssngr conv ford to send $25mill in supplies and $16mill in arms to FNLA -
thieu resignation
due to high nb of defeats through 1973 thieu resign
21 april 1974 -
vietnam war product
by end 58,000 us soldiers had died in viet and the cost was $167 billion -
bombing of viet by end product
643,000 tones of bombs were dropped on north and 700,000 tones on south, alongside agent orange and napalm ( more bombs then were dropped in the entirety of ww2)
85% of pop had top be resettled -
vietnam deaths by end
1.1 mill vietcong dided and up to 1/3 million arvn died as well as approx 250,000 civilians -
cambodia 1975
khmer rouge- commies- pol pot
nation used as battle foder
sprin 1975 khmer rouge control
usa angry with cambod idrct supprt cambod- but small country couldnt do anything
most of vietcong based east cambod-
more than 2mill tons of mbms btwn 1969-73 done in secret -
camodia after sth viet fell communism
had 4yrs of caos,
capital evacuated with 2 mill ppl pol pot- said 1975 yr 0 back to agriculture and tradition, sick and elderly drgd out, mass extermination.
lost 95% dctrs, 85% tchrs, huge famine- 2 mill ppl out of 8 mill died.
chinese and viet wiped out- ethnic cleansing. -
henry kissinger convinced ford send more aid
$25 mill in supplies and $16 mill in arms
july 1975 -
fnla- pro us faction in angola
usa sent $300,000 covert funding in jan 1975 to help them. -
FNLA- angola
backed by SA, fear if MPLA win , undermine SA inflnc in Africn nationl congress
oct 1975 march on luanada, protctd by cubans at time -
south Vietnamese troops surrender
south troops surrend to north , viet reunif and comm intro in south, 1.5 mill ppl flee
20april 1975 -
Helsinki accords
eu detente reach high point
35 states came- includ cand and usa- all eu countires except albania.
each had right to veto
3 baskets agrd
baskt 1- security in eu
baskt 2- co-op in econ,scien,tech and environm
baskt3- human rights -
USA opposition in gov towards salt 2
Joint chief of staff chairman Donald Rumsfield and general George Brown, many others, includ ford presd- oppose kssngr, new plan propose to brezhnv= reject. clear no SALT II agreemnts to be reachd.
was election yr so ford, wantd support -
ussr ss-20 missiles in central eu
this breached detente, the 1968 non proliferation treaty so already jeopardising detente -
SEATO DISBANDED
SEATO disbanded bcuz of laos, cambodia and viet, obviously was not proving to effective -
den xiaoping 1976
new ldr of china after mao
emphasis on centrality, economy over revolutions
1st chinese comm to visit the usa- 1979
obtained us tacit approval before invsn of vietnam -
cuban troops help mpla secure victory
by jan 1976 there were 12,000 cuban troops helped mpla win by march 1976
angostino neto- prsdnt of angola
ussr ratify 20yr of friendship
they sprs coup by pro ussr, have 52,000 trooops in angola by 1988 and their friendship remains till end of cw -
somali invade ogaden july 1977
ogadden was given to ethiopia follwng end of ww2 but was actually somalian territory
usa back somalia bcuz ethiopia commie/ vry liveral gov
ethiopia gain cuban snad sov sprt on ideological basis follwng somali invsn
cuba help- castro send troops by 1978 15,000 cuban soldrs- brezhnev thank castro for aligning policies -
carter administration began
was prsdnt from 20 jan 1977- wantd to hugely increase arms reduc prgrm.
cartr under signif pressure.
esp from ZBIGNIEW BREZINSKI- under carter he was the national security advisor- adpt hard line position on arms reduct -
Period: to
Jimmy carter
president from 20 jan 1977 to 20 jan 1981 -
USSR receive proposal from carter adminis
carter adminis not intrestd in simply finish ksngr plan from vladivstok- want continue and improv,
28 march 1977 ussr get details
reduce strtgc systm from 2400 agrd at vldvstk to 1800 and 2000 and nb launchrs rom 1320 to 1100
mdrn 1cbms-150, nb launchrs icbms and mirvs to 550.
ban all cruise missile range over 2500
heavy bmbrs can have lnchrs- range 600-2500
brzhnv though vladivstk agrmnt = binding so carter baheve in very unaccpt manner -
Pope Paul II elected
he was a polish pope, imprtn for solidarity mvmnt, went a showed sprt for anti comm
visited pol 1979
pope spoke of need to reunit eu , open brdrs and reconcilliation of ppl
12 mill poles witnessed this. -
viet- cambodia war
started in 1978 december, over border disputes. khumer rouge overthrown - commies and a new gov put into place -
china- usa agrmnt taiwan dec 1978
china concede on demand usa cease aid militry to taiwan.
usa- taiwan prblm resolv peacefully.
agrd to diplomatic relat- sino-us from 1979 1 jan -
ussr- usa nuke probs
usa- cartr couldnt get ussr to agree to stop produc of ss-20 missiles- or reduc hvy stck missiles.
usa readrss grwng nuke inbalance bough about new wpns- establ new stealth bmbs -
Afghn= Mahammad Daoud khan overthrown
he was the kings former cousin, he was in power since 1973, was not left enough small factions unhappy- failure to implement socialist policies -
increase militry expeditins dec 1979
dec 1979 carter convncd eu allies to increase military expeditions by 3% and deploy s72 pershing II and cruise missiles.
ussr continue deploy ss-20 throughout warsaw pact allies.
threat to NATO defence stratgy -
SALT II 1979
limit of 2250 delivery systems -
ussr invade afghn
the former kings cousin mahmood dhaoud overthrown by pdpa- not implmnt socialist reforms. a faction of the leftist regime took charge but susceptible to influence, ussr fear that they would align with the usa and china. share a 2500km border- also islamist central states of asia are in ussr and so fear the impact that all this would have on the ussr -
deng visits usa
fist chinese comm ldr to do so -
Period: to
den xiaoping
visit usa from 29 jan 1979 to 4 feb 1979 -
Vienna summit june 1979
desprt delays both ussr and usa want salt II
agrmnt finally announcd and signed 9 may 1979 -
gorbachev
gorbachev ' a man one could do business with' -
poland solidarity
started with a strike in a lenin shipyard in Gadansk
the leader LECH WALESA- started bcuz they wanted to fire somoene who worked their for long time. And protest rise in high food prices- 100% increase
not meant to be political or anti-comm just wanted reform states relat with ppl
10 mill mbs -
ussr evil empire - reagan
-
Stop any agrmnt of salt II
carter asks the senate to stop talks because of sov invasion of afgh, which was seen as a breach of detente and huge growing tensions -
carter and us measures against ussr
limits on fishing- ussr in usa water
embargo on trade
ban on sale of high techn and strategic items to sovs
usa econ and milit aid to pkstn to increase state security -
carter doctrine
defense of the persian gulf, basically containment but in asia
set up to stop ussr infl in region
would be done militarily so build up US strategic forces
strnghtn relat with china -
carter increase defence budget
-
Margaret Thatcher letter to reag of support
honeymoon of anlo-amrc relat
constant visitng eachothers countries
speech in parliament- 'crusade of freedom against sov
reagan 'freedon on offensive' -
martial law imposed poland
demonstrations banned, gatherings- made solidarnosc go underground
made a curfew of 10pm-6am
official permission needed to go away from home for more than 48hrs
only one state radio and tv station allowed
jaruleski-ldr of pol in chrge until 1989 and 700,000 ppl fled
initially poliburo- main policy making adminsit ussr decided not to do anything not worth the west sanctions and response -
START
strtg arms reduc talks- stalled, began in mid 1982- the gap vry wide
but usa deploy cruise missile to eu- PERSHING II- so ussr abandon talks -
nicaragua
sandista regime aligned with sovs FSLN- sandistas national liberation front
usa, carter gave weapons and helped train contrarevolucionarios who were anti commies, ex-somoza supporters -
ronald reagan speech
amy 1983- the us was responsible for unrest on global scale
move twrds unilaeralism
adrss sov challenge by abandng detent
ussr 'evil empire' -
able archer
a NATO exercise believed to be a real attack, the ussr were on high alert, fear of a war. -
sov nuclear alarm false
dismissed as a computer malfunction- by lt.petrov , close to a nuke war -
SDI strategic defense initiative
strategic defense initiative= SDI
defense system at protecting the usa from a nuke attack- thatcher unhappy would leave the uk and rest of eu vulnerable -
KAL 007 shot down
was a south korean play that went into ussr air space, they thought it was a spy plane and they shot it down.
West furious- had 61 americans on board, 269 ppl, all dead -
ivan and anya speech
reagan , speech about if ivan and anya where to meet john and sally, despite ongoing cw they would likely discuss similar topics, kids, dreams and similar hopes
want peace, hope of a good life for them and their families and live without fear
emphasis that commies and usa not that diffrnt
war fuelled by ideology and gov not ppl