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1400
Protestant Reformation
The main problems with the Europe church's in the late 1400s was the Popes were very involved in politics. Julius II - Warrior Pope Leads his armies into war. Parishioners didn’t respect priest’s advice and the Sacation becomes mechanical -
1400
Luther’s Major Idea
Church- Salvation = Faith = good works
Martin Luther- Salvation = faith, “Justification by faith”. Indulgences Anger Luther in Europe, Lead to 95 Theses, Criticism of Church, Centered on indulgences\Call to reform. Luther even posted on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral. Luther made the spread possible through the Printing Press. -
1547
Conquistadors
Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs and deposed Moctezuma. Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca and deposed Atahualpa. These conquests caused disease (80-90% of the native population), 56 Million People, Gunpowder weapons, and Alliances with neighboring peoples -
French Wars of Religion
The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars fought between French Catholics and Huguenots. Driven by religious and political power struggles. These conflicts took place primarily in France, with key battles and massacres. The wars ended with the Edict of Nantes in 1598, issued by King Henry IV, which granted limited religious freedoms to Protestants and helped bring stability to France after decades of religious conflict. -
Reformation in England
Henry VIII wants a son but his wife can't have a child, he wants to divorce but his religion says that is sinful. So He creates his own version of Christianity which makes it okay to divorce. When he dies his son becomes King but the son dies soon after. Elizabeth ( Henry VIII's daughter) wins the civil war and becomes Queen. -
China at it’s apex
Later Ming had a territorial expansion and had contact with the west. Europeans were entranced with Chinese society, soon after Christianity was introduced. The Ming did not see Europeans as a threat in fact they saw them as "Little Brothers" -
Qing Dynasty
The Qing dynasty was located in the reign of Kangxi, it was ruled for 60 years, they expanded control into Tibet, Xinjiang, and Taiwan. There expansion led to more trade. Qing dynasty created a diarchy, created banner-men as their military force, and made their government positions shared equally by ethnic Manchus and Chinese. -
Spanish Wars of Religion
The Spanish Wars of Religion were a series of conflicts that primarily took place within Spain and its territories, driven by religious, political, and dynastic tensions. The wars were marked by the efforts of Catholic Spain to suppress Protestantism, The significance of these wars lay in Spain's role as the defender of Catholicism during the European religious upheavals, which resulted in the weakening of Spanish power. -
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution is major developments in astronomy, physics, biology, mathematics, etc. This revolution confirmed previous scientific theories with scientific data. It added new ideas about individual liberties and freedoms. It inspired revolutions in the United States, France, and Latin America. It helped make the declaration of the rights of man and the citizen. -
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution was a bloodless coup in England that led to the overthrow of King James II and the ascension of William of Orange and his wife, Mary II, to the English throne. It marked a turning point in English history by establishing parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy, solidifying Protestant rule, and ensuring constitutional changes, such as the Bill of Rights. -
Western Influence
English became dominant trade partner. Their main exports were tea and silk. Only allowed the British on a small island-Canton, which led the British to demand more access to Chinese ports.Uneven balance of trade in china’s favor. Qing were not interested in British goods. Opium sowed the seeds for British domination of Chinese trade. -
Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire, significant for ruling dynasties in Iranian history, establishing Shia Islam as the dominant religion of Persia. Founded by Shah Ismail I, the empire became a major political and military force in the Middle East, controlling territories across modern-day Iran, Azerbaijan, and parts of Iraq, Central Asia, and the Caucasus. Notable for its cultural achievements, including art, architecture, and philosophy, as well as its conflicts with the Ottoman Empire. -
Colonial Latin America Social Classes
The Peninsular had the most power and they were the people born in Spain. Creoles were the second highest and they were people born in the colonies. There is a tie for second to last, Mestizos: people mixed with Native American and European decent, Mulattos: Mixed African and European decent. And even know they had the largest population out of the social class, Native Americans and Africans were died last in the social class -
Two Opposing Viewpoints
Geocentric theory was Middle age philosophy. There ideas influenced by Aristotle, Ptolemy, Christianity, believed Earth was the center of the universe. Heliocentric theory believed the sun was the center of the universe and the Earth is rotated on an axis. Johannes Kepler thought that the planet’s orbits were elliptical. This debate was a huge disagreement which split peoples beliefs. -
Napoleon
Napoleon had his rise to power through the Revolutionary military. Napoleon commits a coup against the directory-1799. He became emperor in 1804. He claimed to defend parts of the revolution
In reality he destroyed many of he main ideas of the revolution. He also used the revolutionary army to take control of much of Europe. -
Fall of Napoleon
Napoleon had to fight against multiple coalitions that were led by Britain. Napoleon decided that Britain was faced on the Americans so he wanted to invade Russia in June of 1812. But was forced to retreat from disease and harsh winter conditions. Napoleon was finally defeated for good at Waterloo and was exiled to St.Helena till death. -
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was a powerful and prosperous empire in South Asia, founded by Babur after his victory at the Battle of Panipat. Known for its cultural, architectural, and economic achievements, the empire reached its zenith under rulers like Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, who oversaw the construction of iconic landmarks. The Mughals ruled much of India and parts of modern-day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. -
Slave Trade
The Slave Trade in Africa had brought 10-12 Million Slaves to the Americas. The effects of the Slave Trade were, Depopulation of areas of southwestern Africa, Increased Warfare, and Destruction of Culture. And the Belief in White Superiority– Creation of the idea of race -
Tokugawa
The samurai lost power during the Tokugawa because they saw guns to be more powerful, which messed up the samurai's political power because they were not a thing anymore.Feudalism broke down and the Europeans were forced to leave, they saw Christianity as a corrupting force. Some missionaries were killed because they were worried of an invasion, the Dutch were allowed to stay. Could only trade on one island which led other Europeans turned their focus to China. -
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire spanned from the late 13th century until its dissolution after World War I in 1922. At its height, it controlled large parts of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, becoming a powerful political, military, and cultural force in the Islamic world. Declined by internal struggles, nationalist movements, and the impact of European imperialism, culminating in its disintegration after the First World War.