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Robert Hooke coined the term "cells" and Antonie Van leeuwenhoek observed the first micro organisms.
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Gregor Mendel, Discovered the simple laws of inheritance of traits.
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Louis pasteur described the scientific basis for fermentation, Alcohol making, microbiology, Gem theory
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Johann Miescher found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus bandages. Later led scientistd to believe DNA is th einheritable material of an organism
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Thomas morgan discovered that genes were on chromosomes from studying fruit flys.
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Fred Grifith used mice to prove that genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another
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Sir Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin from a fungus .
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Chargaff showed that DNA the number of units of adenine equaled thymine adn the number of units of cytosine equaled guanine
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Beadle and Tatum proposed the "One gene producess one enzyme" hypothesis.
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Using their famous blender experiment Hershey and Chase provided viruses replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA as the hereditary material.
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Rosiland, Franklin, and Maurice wikings established through x-ray crystallography that DNA was indeed a double helix
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Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA.
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Hayes discovered plasmid DNA, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria
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Walter Gilbert discovered the mechanism of gene expression.
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Arber, Nathans, and Smith discovered bacterial restiction enzymes that cut DNA.
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Khorana and Nirenberg discovered the 64 condons (the triplet code of 3 bases in DNA)
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DNa plasmids were isolated and purified by Vinograd
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Madel and Higa were responisble for the first transformation of the becterium Escherichia coli.
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Cloning experiments were conducted by Boyer and Cohen.
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Genetech, the worlds first genetic engineering company, was founded.
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140 scientists met to draw up guidlines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms.
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Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA. Given an uknown piece of DNA.
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Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E. coli
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Louise Joy Brown was born, the first human baby resulting from vitro fertilization.
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Botstein found that one could be identified by the pattern amade by their DNA through digest by different enzymes.
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The USSC ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented.
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Ohio university made the first transgenetic animals.
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Eli lily company placed a human insulin gene insided bacteria.
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Schell, Chilton, Van Amontagu, and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer.
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Kary Mullis invented PCR
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Jeffries applied RFLP in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases
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Flourescence sequencer was invented, speeding up the labor-intense process.
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Genes were moved into an organism through the use of a gene gun.
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NIH revised saftey guidlines for recombinant DNA to include plants grown in greenhouses and animals raised in barns.
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Andrew Fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes, in the worm C. elegans
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Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne used monoclonal antibody technology.
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Maynard Olson and colleagues at Washington University invented YACs.
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Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of ewe.
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DNA microrray (DNA chip) technology, looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time
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Dabri and Garner invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capability of squencing 76,800 base pairs per hour.
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Ron Breaker coined the term rioboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity.
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Announcement was made of the completion of the Human Genome Project.
