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Co-founded by Thomas H. Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc, it established the first approach to deaf education in the U.S. As the first permanent school for the deaf, it has played a significant role in deaf education with the introduction of sign language methods. The school's mission emphasizes a language-rich environment that empowers the students to become both well-educated and lifelong learners. https://youtu.be/dZvRVrXIgB8?si=rCHcQaBSbdeB7seq -
Founded in 1829 and opened a few years later in Boston. With the help of Dr. Howe’s leadership, the school would focus on education, independence, and literacy for visually impaired people. Dr. Howe developed embossed maps for tactile learning, easy hands-on learning for the students. Laura Bridgman was the first deafblind student to receive an education, making a path later for Helen Keller. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was aimed at ensuring all students had equal access to public education, for students from low-income households. The outcome of this act was the establishment of free and reduced lunch prices for students whose basic needs weren’t met. In addition, ESEA enabled the development of educational programs for students with disabilities, which fostered inclusivity and support from the education system. -
Established free education for students with disabilities, strike down the law that allowed schools to deny students education. It also eventually paved the way for the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which is now IDEA. With phrases like ‘mentally retarded’ being used, Congress passed a federal law that would replace this saying with ‘intellectual disability.’ https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/pennsylvania-association-retarded-citizens-parc-v-commonwealth-pennsylvania-1972 -
This amendment prohibits discrimination based on sex in all educational programs and sports. While it applied primarily to higher education, it also had a significant impact on K-12. It guarantees that students have equal access to it all: admissions, athletics, and financial aid, regardless of gender. It also laid the foundation for later policies to support inclusion in programs and activities. -
This case addressed 7 children with various disabilities, such as behavioral and physical, who were denied public education by the D.C. Board of Education. The Board would argue that they lacked the proper funds, but the Court had ruled in their favor, saying they all have the right to an education, and the cost has nothing to do with it. The decision on this case is what established FAPE because due process needs to be followed before being denied. -
This law (Education for All Handicapped Children) requires public schools to provide free education for children with disabilities. It introduced the IEP (Individualized Education Program) to meet each student's specific needs and promote inclusion in schools. IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) would later evolve from this, and it continues to ensure students will have access to special education and services. -
IDEA is a federal law that ensures students/children with disabilities, including learning, intellectual, ADHD, and autism are a few, will receive FAPE (Free Appropriate Public Education). This law covers the entire spectrum, from birth to 21, with education and other services, including IEPs (Individualized Education Programs) for each student's needs. Due to this law, early intervention for infants and toddlers is funded along with national activities like training and technology. -
When there was segregation with individuals with disabilities, as it violated the ADA. Two women who had mental disabilities were placed in an institution, although they were able to live in a community with proper support. A sate test that requires them to provide treatment if they fit into any of the three listed categories: (1) the person does not oppose it, (2) a professional determines it is appropriate, and (3) it could be accommodated by the state with the resources it offers. -
NCLB mandated testing all students annually in both reading and math to track progress. The goal was to help improve the outcomes of students who were struggling, but also to identify gaps in their achievements. This act strengthened accountability in teachers, making sure they had the highest qualified teacher in their classroom. Later in 2015, ESSA (Every Student Succeeds Act) would replace NCLB and give states flexibility in accountability systems.