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The Commercial Revolution took place on the 15th, 16th and 17th century.
In this period the geographic knowledge increased due to the selling of products. -
The scientific revolution took place in the 17th and 18th centuries.
In this period lots of important scientists contributed impotant information like maths, physics, etc. -
It took place in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Great philosophers gave revolutionary ideas. -
In 1698 steam was used to power new machinery.
It lead to the use of other energies like water, steam, electricity, oil. -
The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain.
It didn't have a concrete start date, and it was gradual with slow changes. But after 1750 the changes started to be noticed.
Most of the changes were: Mass production of goods, use of minerals and metals, development of factory system of production, Rural to urban migration and development and growth of new socio-economic classes.
The classes were:
At the top the factory owners, then the middle class and at the bottom the working class. -
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Constitutional monarchy established
Feudalism abolished
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen adopted -
The medieval fortress/prison known as the Bastille was seen by the revolutionaries as a symbol of monarchy's abuse of power. The revolutionaries were mad about it so they decided to start the French Revolution.
One of the causes of the French revolution was because of the social structure and the "ancien régime". The social structure was unfair to the lower range people because only the high range people had advantages. -
The Natural Rights where the rights that everyone had since they born. John Locke was one of the persons who worked on them.
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Constitutional monarchy undermined
Mob forced King to flee to the safety of the Legislative Assembly
War declared against Austria and Prussia -
France declared a Republic ( Sept. 1792)
France ruled by Committee of Public Safety
Radicals (Jacobins) overcame moderates (Girondines)
Terror used to execute "enemies of the regime"
Robespierre executed -
Austria, Great Britain, Spain and Prussia among others decide to form the first coalition to crush the French Republic.
Napoleon forced the Austrian to surrender and sign the treaty of Campo Formio. -
The Reign of Terror occurred because of all the unfairness of the powerful people in French.
The Reign of Terror was a dark period of time during the French revolution. The Radicals took over the revolutionary government of France and they arrested and executed anyone who they suspected might not be loyal to the revolution -
The Reign of Terror ended
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Five director rules as executive
Coups d'état attempted by radical and conservative forces
Napoleon overthrew the government in a coup d'état (Nov. 1799) -
The War of the First Coalition ended
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The Second Coalition was formed in 1798 by Austria, Great Britain, Portugal, and Russia. French republic was suffering from corruption of the Directory.
Napoleon reorganized the French army. In 1800 Napoleon and the "Grand Armée" defeated Austria and Forced Great Britain to sing. -
The French revolution finally ended
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The system development took place in the 1600s-1800s.
With this system, the products were created by hand and with a slow production compared with the factory production.
Also, the clients needed to give the materials to the seller. -
One of the main issues in the Industrial Revolution was the Child labour in which the children were exploited to work in the factory, they were treated very badly by their overseer and often were injured because of the machinery or because of the hard job.
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Famine = Extreme scarcity of food.
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The War of the first coalition ended
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The alliance against France was formed by Austria, UK, and Russia.
They wanted to defeat Napoleon and all the power that France had.
It was one of Napoleons biggest wars because he was in disadvantage, but he won. -
Napoleonic wars were a series of conflicts declared against Napoleon's French Empire
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After he became First Consul of the republic in 1799, he wanted to go further and he became emperor of France in 1804.
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The War of the Third Coalition ended
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The new alliance was formed by Prussia, Russia, The UK, Sweden, and Saxony.
Some members of the coalition had already fought against Napoleon, but although that the Coalition loosed. -
The War of the Fourth Coalition ended
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Austria and UK wanted to finally defeat Napoleons Army, but they ended up losing again.
The UK was very angry with France because they didn't respect the Amiens treaty and the treaty didn't give anything to both France and the UK.
Also, they killed the UK kings, so they wanted revenge.
To stop Napoleon's power they infected with yellow fever.
They wanted to fight with honor. -
The War of the Fifth Coalition ended
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The British Raj was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent .
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The armies of both France and Germany had more than doubled.
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Nationalism: The right to have a Nationality.
People wanting to be part of a country, sharing a language, culture, and sense of belonging. Also, the idea that their country is superior to other nations. -
The Congress of Viena wanted to unify but Clemens Van Metternich of Austria was against it. Instead, a weak German confederation was created, it was headed by Austria. Prussia and Austria dominated the German Confederation. Prussia had many advantages that allowed it to become a united state:
-Primarily German
-Powerful army
-More Industralized -
Otto Von Bismarck was the only one able to succeed in creating a united Germany.
On 18 January 1871, Germany became a nation after the nationalistic war against France. So Otto became chancellor of a unified Germany in 1871.
The methods of his "Blood and Iron" policy were:
Blood - Military might/war
Iron - Industry.
Using war would make the Nation grow in an industrial way. With industrial advances, they could have a better army with better weapons. -
Germany and Austria-Hungary made an alliance to protect themselves from Russia
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Period of rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers. Thanks to the economic, military, scientific and social evolution that Europe was going through.
The countries involved in this colonization were:
-Great Britain
-France
-Germany
-Italy
-Belgium
The Capitalism, exploration, medical advances, politics and military innovation were causes for this event. -
Rapid increase of European nations claiming territory in Africa:
The French conquered the north part of Congo. -
Austria-Hungary made an alliance with Serbia to stop Russia from gaining control of Serbia.
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Germany and Austria-Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russia.
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British and French Somaliland was created; German South west Africa, Cameroon,German East Africa and Tongo were also crated.
And Spain claimed Rio de Oro. -
Portugal requested chancellor Otto Bon Bismarck to gather all western powers to negotiate the control over Africa.
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The European powers made geometric boundaries that decided Africa into Fifty irregular countires.
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The Berlin Conference regulated European colonization and trade in Africa. The conference was organized by Otto von Bismarck.
The Berlin Conference made a set of rules for the "Orderly extension of European influence".
1. Freedom of trade and navigation on the Congo Basin.
2. Let know to the other countries if they had annexed territory or build a protectorate from that day on.
3. Agreed to stop the slave trade. -
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Greate Britain arrive India with their empire wanting to become a more powerfull country. Thats why they become and empire. the british government used their army to take over land, preventing other countries getting it first. But they made lots of things in India. Some of them are.
1815 British rule
1897 rail station
1858 British ruled
1947 Finished ruling -
Russia formed an alliance with France to protect itself against Germany and Austria-Hungary.
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The Tokugawa outlawed Christianity
Some felt that Japan needed to open to the rest of the world so they could learn from others. The Meiji leaders also believed that they needed to become more like western countries.
Meji officials also started to act and dress like western bureaucrats and some worn European clothes. -
The Tokugawa established a rigid class system. Samurai were at the top, next were farmers and craftsmen, and the merchants were at the bottom.
Tokugawa very carefully regulated contacts with the outside world.
In 1872, Itakura sent a group of diplomats on a mission to observe the rest of the world.
The middle and low ranked samurai were frustrated because they were excluded from higher positions in the government. Also, because the merchants earned more than them -
Merchants became rich, even though they were at the bottom of the economic pyramid, while Samurais lived in poverty.
In 1854 signed an unfair trade agreement with the Americans, these treaties forced the Japanese to accept tariff rates by foreign powers.
In 1872 Japanese traveled around the world learning about factories.
In 1883, there was an incident called the Rokumeikan in which the government raised taxes to pay the maintenance of this French hall. The building had to be sold in 1890. -
This industrialization brought political, economic, cultural and social changes in the country.
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In the early 1600s, the Tokugawa warrior clan established a samurai government.
Tokugawa shoguns established a number of policies to ensure stability. They controlled one-fourth of the country.
In the early nineteenth century, these policies became a problem. -
Japan was politically divided during the seventeenth, eighteenth and early nineteenth century.
In the 1860s, Samurais unified the opposition to the Tokugawa. They founded a new government.
The new government was committed to learn from the west.
In 1868, it issued the charter of Oath, which was a five-article document outlining the principals of the Meiji dominstration. -
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Morocco had been given to France by Britain, but the Moroccans wanted independence and were supported by Germany. War was avoided.
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This was an agreement, but not a formal alliance, between France and Britain.
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The British introduced a new eefective battleship called the "Dreadnought".
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This was made between Russia, France and Britain to counter the increasing threat from Germany.
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This was an agreement between Britain and Russia.
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Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia. This angered Serbians who felt the province should be theirs. Serbia threatened Austria-Hungary with war, Russia, allied to Serbia, mobilised its forces. Germany, allied to Austria-Hungary mobilised its forces and prepared to threaten Russia, War was avoided when Russia backed down.
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In 1911, the Germans were again protesting against French possession of Morocco.
Britain supported France and Germany was persuaded to back down for part of French Congo. -
In 1911 and 1912 there was war in the Balkans when the Balkan states drove Turkey out of the area. The states then fought each other over which area should belong to which state. Austria-Hungary intervened and forced Serbia to give up land. The tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary was high.
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Britain, Russia and France agreed not to sign for peace separately.
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The Trench Warfare was a type of warfare using firearms, grenades and specially dug lines in which the soldiers protected themselves from the enemy, they used them to slowly approach the enemy which made them very ineffective.
They started to use them during the WW1. -
The Austro-Hungarian heir Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia Chotek was assassinated the 28 of June 1914 by a Serbian terrorist group called "The Black Hand" when they visited Saravejo, Bosnia.
Franz wanted to visit the injured attendants in the hospital, but when the driver took a wrong turn a terrorist called Gavrilo Princip fired two shots, the first one at the pregnant Sophia, and the second one at Franz. -
The Kaiser abdicated in 1919 having Germany to be governed by The Weimar Republic. The president would be elected every seven years, however real power rested in the hands of the Chancellor. Chancellor was the leader of the political party with most seats in the Reichstag.
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The Germans disliked The Weimar Republic because it was associated with the Treaty of Versailles which was extremely unpopular in Germany, it was also was associated with the massive inflation and economic ruin of the 20s, and because the democracy was not running smoothly in Germany, there were too many parties and no clear majority.
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The Paris Peace Conference was the meeting of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.
Some countries were excluded from attending the Paris Peace Conference because they were the countries who were defeated at the war, they excluded them because they didn't want them to have the chance to speak at the conference. -
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed in Versailles, five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, that led to the war. The other Central Powers on the German side also signed other treaties.
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For Germany it was decided to take away their power so they couldn't become a threat if another war started, they made the Germans pay for everything, removed their warships, forced them to decrease the number of their army, and took lands from them.
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The rise of Hitler started in 1920 when Hitler who was a former German soldier joined the German Workers Party and soon became its leader, then he changed the name of the party to the Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party or Nazis for short.
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Political Ideology of Fascism developed by Mussolini in Italy
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By 1923 German money was useless because of the Hyperinflation, which means that there was a lot of money being produced because it had very small value.
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Hitler and his party started to become more popular and gain more public support, in 1923 Hitler miscalculated his strength and organized an ill-fated attempt at taking power at the “Munich Beer Hall”.
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Hitler's view on democracy was that there should be a leader elected who would then assume dictatorial powers.
A key part of Hitler's philosophy was the superiority of the Aryan (pure German) race. He believed that Germans were the purest example of the human race, with Jews, Slavs, and Africans at the other end of the scale. -
After the Putsch was put down, Hitler was imprisoned where he wrote “Mein Kampf”, which outlined goals of Nazism. Later on, when he was released, he published his book.
With the release of his book, many Germans started supporting Hitler because of his idea of Nazism. -
In 1930 the Nazis gained the second most seats in the Reichstag, 107 out of 647 seats, the Nazis used disruptive tactics to prevent things from being accomplished.
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Japan had attacked China, but the League had been unable to stop Japan capturing the Chinese province of Manchuria.
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In 1932 first election Nazis had 230 seats, the most of any party. But Hitler is denied chancellorship by President Hindenburg.
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The Jewish population was over 4 million in Europe.
They lived in countries that later would be under the Nazi influence -
The 25-point program of 1920, Nazi party members publicly declared their intention to segregate Jews from "Aryan" society.
During the first six years of Hitler's dictatorship (1933 - 1939) Jews felt the effects of 400 decrees and regulations that restricted all aspects of their public and private life. -
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Hitler elected Chancellor of Germany promising rescue from economic chaos.
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The 1st wave of legislation focused on limiting the participation of Jews in German public life.
"Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service" -
Frustrated by his lack of majority, Hitler calls another election for February 1933. He required the majority to pass laws which would allow him absolute control over Germany. During this election, Germans lost freedom of speech. Hitler used the attempt to burn the Reichstag by a communist as an excuse to convince the Reichstag to pass legislation known as the “Enabling Acts”, which gave him the ability to pass laws without them having to pass through the Reichstag.
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Hitler's Nazi Party officially declared itself the only political party in Germany and outlawed the formation of any other parties
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Hitler eliminates all internal challenges to his leadership using the Secret Police (S.S).
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In August 1933 Hindenburg dies and Hitler takes both Presidency and Chancellor
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Annual party rally in Nuremberg in September 1935:
New laws that institutionalized many of the racial theories of the Nazi Ideology called "Nuremberg Laws". -
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The Summer Olympics of 1936 were held in Berlin.
Hitler was on his best behavior as they removed much of the Nazi propaganda and toned down the Anti-Semitism.
Hitler hoped the Aryan race would dominate the Olympics, but a black man from Ohio, Jesse Owens, won four gold medals. -
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Hitler instructed pro-German Austrians to start trouble in the country.
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Germany annexed Austria (Anschluss), British Prime Minister Chamberlain calls for a conference at Munich; Munich Agreement signed giving part of Czechoslovakia to Germany in exchange for Hitler's "promise" not to make any more demands.
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Kristallnacht: The first time the Nazis used violence against Jews.
Violence against Jews broke across the Reich, set off by the assassination of a German official in Paris at the hands of a Jewish teenager.
-267 Synagogues burned down or destroyed.
-7,500 Number of Jewish-owned stores destroyed. -
200,000 physical and mentally disabled patients that lived in German institutions were killed by the Nazis.
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Germany takes the rest of Czechoslovakia, Nazi-Soviet Non-Agressioin pact signed, Poland is invaded. - WWII begins.
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Stalin and Hitler signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact and agreed to share Poland between them.
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-WWII was even more of a total war than WWI.
-Huge amounts of government control over citizens, economies, and colonies were exercised.
-All citizens were engaged in war production (buying war bonds, women producing weapons in factories, governments deciding production, for example, No cars were produced in the USA during WWII - only tanks, etc).
-Extensive propaganda was used. -
The trigger of WW2 was when Germany attacked and invaded Poland and, because of that, Britain and France declared war on Germany, initiating WW2. Hitler wanted to invade Poland because of his idea of German expansion that said that the Germans, who were the “superior” race, needed more territories to live in. Hitler thought that nothing would happen because he previously invaded other countries like Austria or Czechoslovakia successfully, without provoking other major powers. He was wrong.
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-Cost 5 Trillion in today's money.
-1/3 of the world's productive capacity was towards war production.
-60M died (20M Soldiers, 40M Civilians) - 85% on Allied side (Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, France, USSR, and the United States) and 15% on the Axis side (Germany, Italy, Japan).
-Gender and Hierarchy relationships further changed (Woman had to work).
-Resulted in the decline of Europe, the rise of the USA and USSR, and the creation of independent nations out of former colonies -
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Summer 1940 - Battle of Britain: Germany attempts to use its air force to bomb Britain into submission: Targeted Cities and Civilians.
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But there was a French Resistance
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“Holocaust” means “Athin Wholly Burnt”.
The Holocaust was a genocide in which Nazi Germany murdered six million European Jews, two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe.
The Jews were executed in concentration camps where they went sent after living in the Ghettos. -
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Between 1941 and 1944 the Nazi government moved the Jewish people from the Ghettos to extermination camps.
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El Alamein (July - November 1942) - British drove defeat Germans and push toward the Suez Canal.
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Stalingrad ( August 1942 - February 1943) - Soviets prevent Germans from capturing south Russia and access the oil in the east at a HUGE cost.
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Midway (June 1942) - Naval Battle in Wich the United States destroyed much of the Japanese aircraft carrier fleet.
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Americans pushed Japan back with help from Guerilla uprisings in Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
Britain and America take out Italy, Soviets push Germany out of Russia. -
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The Allies attack Germany by going through France.
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The Germans would have killed two of every three European Jews as part of their policy called the "Final Solution".
Hitler sent the Jews to concentration camps because he was loosing and wanted to finish everything he started. -
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The Big Three (Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin) meta at a city called Yalta to discuss post-war plans.
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Displaced Persons Camps (DP).
1948 - 1951: 700, 000 emigrated to Israel.
136,000 Jew DPs went to Israel others to the USA and other nations.
The last Dp camp closed in 1957.
