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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early beginnings
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3900 BCE
Disease Caused By?
Thought to have come from evil spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments for the sick
Plants were originally used to help cure the sick -
3100 BCE
Medicines used today
Digitalis:
It comes from the fox glove plant. The leaves were chewed to strengthen and slow the heartbeat. Now they are taken in pill form or by injection to treat heart conditions. -
3100 BCE
Medicines used today
Belladonna and atropine:
They are made from the poisonous nightshade plant and they are used to relieve muscle spasms, especially in gastrointestinal pain. (GI) -
3100 BCE
Medicines used today
Quinine:
It comes from the bark of the cinchona tree. It helps to control fevers, relieves muscle spasms, and helps to prevent malaria. -
3100 BCE
Medicines used today
Morphine:
Made from the opium poppy, it is an effective medication for treating severe pain. It is very addictive so only use it when nothing else will help with the pain. -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
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2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Health records:
Egyptians were the earliest people to keep accurate health records, they were superstitious and called upon the gods to heal them
Who are the physicians:
Priests acted as physicians
How did they heal:
They learned to splint fractures and treat disorders by bloodletting using leeches. They were used to drain the blood since blood pooled around a wound can threaten the healing of the tissue. Today leeches are still used to help heal skin graphs and restore circulation. -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
Development of acupuncture:
They were the first to use acupuncture therapies, they were used to treat varieties of illnesses and diseases with stone needle like tools. It is still commonly used today. -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
Illness cause nature vs. spiritual:
Illnesses were thought to have natural causes versus spiritual causes
Dissection:
During ancient times Religious customs did not allow bodies to be dissected.
Hippocrates:
He is named the father of medicine and he based his knowledge on anatomy and physiology by observing the external body. He made notes of notes of the signs and symptoms of many diseases. -
100 BCE
Ancient Roman’s
Sanitation Systems:
They found that some diseases was caused by lack of sanitation. They developed a sanitation system by bringing clean water into the city by aqueducts and made public baths with filtered water.
Organize medical care:
They were the first to make organized care, they sent medical equipment and physicians with there armies to care for wounded soldiers.
Hospital development:
Roman physicians kept a room in their houses for the ill before hospitals and they were paid to do so. -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
Why did they stop the study of medicine
They stopped the study of medicine because the church believed that life and death were in gods hands and the priests and monks had no interest in how the body functioned. For 1,000 years medicine was practiced only in convents and monasteries. -
700
How did they treat disease
The primary treatment was prayer and medication consisted of herbal mixtures and the care was custodial. The monks collected and translated the writings of the Greek and Roman physicians. -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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1100
Epidemics
Many of the terrible epidemics that swept through the Middle Ages included the Bubonic Plague that killed 60 million people, smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis. Now these illnesses don’t have to be life threatening, scientists discovered vaccines and medications to help control these diseases. -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1450
Rebirth
The renaissance period saw rebirths in learning. New scientific progress began and there were many new developments in this time period.
Universities:
People built new universities and medical schools for research.
Dissection:
People accepted that the dissection of the human body.
Books:
The development of printing press and book publishing allowed better access to knowledge of research. -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th centuries
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1515
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci recorded and studied the anatomy of the human body. -
1550
Gabriele Fallopius
Gabriele Fallopius discovered the fallopian tubes of the female anatomy. -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Bartolommeo Eustachio discovered the tube that leads from the ear to the throat, it’s called the Eustachian tube. -
William Harvey
William Harvey used his knowledge to understand the physiology to be able to describe the circulation of blood and how the heart pumps blood. -
Antoine Von Leeuwenhoek
Antoine Von Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope saying there is life smaller than we can see. His first discovery was scraping his teeth and finding the bacteria that no one could see. -
Apothecaries
Apothecaries were the first early stages of modern day pharmacies. In early times they were used to trade drugs and spices. -
Period: to
18th century
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Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin discovered bifocals, and he found out that colds could be passed from person to person. -
Medical students learning
Students attended lectures in laboratories and in the classroom. They also observed patients at the bedside. When a patient would die they would dissect their bodies to further explore the process of disease spreading. That better lead to understanding the causes of illnesses and death. -
Joseph Priestley
Joseph Priestley discovered the element oxygen. He observed that plants refresh air that has lost oxygen, which makes it usable for respiration. -
Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner discovered the vaccine for smallpox’s. His discovery saved millions of lives. His discovery led to immunization and preventative medicine in public healthcare. -
René Laennec
René Laennec invented the stethoscope. It was first made out of wood, and it increased the ability to hear the heart and lungs to see if disease was present. -
Period: to
19th and 20th centuries
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Ignaz Semmelweis
Ignaz Semmelweis Discovered the cause of childbed fever. The cause of it was that the physicians went to what was called the dead room and dissected dead bodies and came back without washing there hands and came to deliver the babies therefore spreading the infection to the women. When he told other physicians of his discovery he was laughed at, but it was later proven that he was right and now hand washing is very important in stoping the spread of disease. -
Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale attracted many women to Nightingale school of nursing. Before that time nursing was considered un lady like and it left people “too old, too weak, too drunken, too dirty, or too bad.” She devoted her life to making reports on the need for more sanitation and management in hospitals. She designed a hospital ward that improved the environment and care of the patients she was taking care of patients. -
Louis Pasteur
He is known as the “father of Microbiology” he discovered that there are tiny microorganisms everywhere. He proved that microorganisms can cause disease and that they weren’t the cause of the disease. He also discovered that heating milk gets rid of the growth of bacteria. -
Dmitri Ivanovski
He discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that can’t be seen by a microscope are now called viruses. The viruses were not studied until the electron microscope. -
Ernst von Bergmann
He knew that germs caused infections in wounds so he developed a way to keep an area germ free before and during a surgery. That was the beginning of asepsis. -
Robert Koch
He developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and also to isolate the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. He also introduced the importance of cleanliness and sanitation to stop the spread of germs. -
Paul Ehrlich
He figured how medicine effectively works on disease-causing microorganisms. Its method was effective against certain microorganisms but not effective in killing other bacteria. He also found a chemical cure to treat syphilis. -
Wilhelm Roentgen
He discovered x-Rays. His discovery helped doctors to see inside the body and help doctors discover what is wrong with the body. -
Anesthesia
Before the creation of anesthesia, physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to help relieve the pain of surgery. They even choked patients to knock them out before surgery. Nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform were used to put people to sleep and they won't experience any pain from the surgery. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
He discovered that penicillin killed off life threatening bacteria. Before it was discovered people died of illnesses that today would be considered curable. Some of those are pneumonia, gonorrhea, and blood poisoning. -
Sigmund Freud
He discovered the unconscious and conscious parts of the mind. He determined that the mind and body must work together. That led to psychosomatic illnesses which are physical illnesses caused by emotional conflicts. -
Gerhard Domagk
He discovered the compounds in medications that are the most effective in killing bacteria. They changed the practice of medications in killing bacteria. -
Jonas Salk
He discovered that a dead polio virus causes immunity to poliomyelitis. That virus paralyzed the most active people. -
Albert Sabin
He used a live polio virus vaccine, which today is used in babies to make them immune to the polio virus. -
Francis Crick and James Watson
They discovered the molecular makeup of DNA, the double helix. They made the model that shows how hereditary information is coded. -
Christian Barnard
He preformed the first successful heart transplant in 1968. -
Joseph Lister
He was the first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery to help prevent infection in the incision. He also would use carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs that cause infection. -
Ben Carson
He is a specialist in separating Siamese twins, performing hemispherectomies, and surgeries on the brain to stop seizures. -
Period: to
21st century
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Artificial intelligence use
It can analyze medical date, such as (X-rays, MRIs), pathology reports, and even patient records, to assist in diagnosing conditions quickly and accurately. -
wearable health technology
Devices like smartwatches and fitness trackers can track vital signs like heart rate, blood oxygen levels, and ECG levels. -
Immunotherapy in cancer treatment
It uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer by making it attack the cancer cells by introducing engineered immune cells. -
Gene editing (CRISPR)
Technology that allows scientists to precisely alter DNA to treat genetic disorders and fight diseases like cancer and HIV. -
telehealth
Telehealth:
the use of technology to deliver healthcare. It allows the patient to get healthcare at home when they need it.