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Two different groups of Amerindians share the territory wenow call Canada. The Iroquois were sedentary and had semi permanent settlements while the Algonquins were nomadic and always on the move.
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In Europe, the Ottoman Turks block the land route from Europe to India which forces the colonies to take boats and try and go around. WHich eventually leads to the discovery of North America
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Magellan becomes the first man to circle earth and prove our planet is round.
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The big colonies in Europe invented items like the compass, caravels, astrolabes and muskets and cannons. These inventions made water travel much easier.
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The french explorer travels from France and arrives in the St-Lawrence river on a mission for the king.
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Samuel de Champlain, the french navigator founded the first permanent settlement in America called New France
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Louis XIV begins his reign is the king of France. He played a large. He wanted complete control of his colonies in North America like New France. By takig control he stopped the mercantilism of the companies and he brought in the first gouvernment the colonies ever hd. It was called the royal gouvernment.
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The royal goverment gets put into place in France's american colony. The government incudes the king at the top of the hierarchy. Followed by the governor who took care of the army and defenses. The intendant which controlled taxes and finances. And finally the bishop who was appointed by the pope and took care of schools and hospitals.
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Jean Talon was the first intendan5t of New France. The king wanted to increase th population of New France so he appointed Jean Talon to the job. Jean Talon implemented various measures like the Filles de Roy and the birth incentives. He succesfully did his job.
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The wars between the French and the Iroquois "Five nations" considerably slow decrease when the French got the Iroquois to sign the pece treaty of Montreal.. This gave a certain level of security for New France
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There were numerous wars that took place during this span of time which included the French vs. English. The wars occured in North Amreica and in Europe. The english won this war and conquered New France.
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Wolf (english) vs. Montcalm (french) battle on the plains in the fight for the future of canada. The nglish win the battle in Quebec while both generals died. The French lost becuase they were vastly outnumbered and were focused more on the european wars.
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New France wasn't really developing so habitants become more self-dependent. They would do agriculture for themsleves and lie for themselves aswell. Around ths time settlers started to become there distinct people, called the canadiens.
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The following rules were implemented
1. The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property
2. The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
3. The people could practice the R.C. religion, but the Bishop would have to leave.
4. The people who stayed would become British Subjects. -
James Murray, the governor of Quebec changed the rules because 99% of the population ws french therefore the laws needed to be suitable for them. Murray, allows french laws in low courts, he brings back the bishop, and he did not call an elected assembly.
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The Quebec Governor, Guy Cartleton creates the Quebec Act. This constitution fvors the french. The civil laws are now from the french, the seignorial system returns and the assembly is now chosen by the governor. Quebec is also enlargened as a territory.
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Egland was charging the 13 colonies plenty taxes to pay off the money they spent on the wrs. EVentually the americans got fed up and decided to begin a revolution against england.
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The treaty of Versailles was signed by the British and declared America as it's own country.
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Loyalists were americans who were loyal to Britain so they moved to Canada when America became independent.
36,000 moved to Canada ( most settled west)
6,000 moved to Quebec ( most settled west of mtl)
The english population of Quebec increased from 1 to 10 % -
Canada was divied into upper ( english) and lower ( french) Canada. Ottawa river was the boundary between them. A representative government was in place
King
British Parliament
Governor : appointed by parliament
Lieutenant governor: acted as deputy governor
Executive council: advised governor
Legislative council: appointed, approved and rejected laws
Legislative Assembly: had the power to disaprove taxes and create laws
Ordnary people finally had a say as long as you were land owning man over 21 -
The results of the war between Canada and America
-The fighting ends in Stalemate (neither side won)
-Boosts the Canadian economy (Britain needed trade)
-Loyalists and Canadians felt safe under British
-People still feared American Expansion -
Timbers value increase by 1300% and it along with wheat become the main export in Canada. Canadas preffered trading partner is Britain.
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Many people wre moving to North America in search of a better life. Plenty of Irish were forced to move to Canda because they had gone starving because of the irish potato famine. Most immigrants moved to Lower Cnada making it a larger population then upper Canada
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Due to infertile soil, farmers were having trouble harvesting. So many people left to towns in order to get different jobs at factories.
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The assembly had no real power in the representative government. This made the french frustrated and they started thinking about a rebellion. This rebel group was know as the patriotes. The leader of this rebel group was Louis-Joseph Papineau, he wrote the 92 resolutions. The patriotes did win one battle before getting put down in St- Eustache.
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Because of steam power, Canad built its first railwa system from Laprairie to Saint-Jean. This allwoed for much faster transportation
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Lord Durham was sent to Canada to figure out a solution to assimilate the french. He came up with some recomondations.
- The british should increse their immigration
- Canada should become united as one
- Responsible government should be granted to eliminate veto power -
WIth this 4th comstitution, the Province of Canada is created and it consists of Cnada East and Canada West.
-Each of these region had 42 members in the assembly
-The governor still had veto power
-East and West would work together to pay Canadas debts. -
8 years after the asct of Union, responsible government is adopted in the united Canadas. With this government the people would now elect for ther leg. assembly, and the laws had to be approved by the assembly. The governor andlegislative council were still appointed but did not intervene
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After Britain ended its preferential trade with Canada, we needed a new traqding partner. We turned towards the U.S.A and signed a treaty with them.
