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In 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire ended when a Germanic leader named Odoacer removed the last emperor, Romulus Augustulus. The empire had become weak from wars and problems with money. This event marked the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe. -
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The Heian Period (794–1185) was a peak of Japanese culture, marked by courtly elegance, poetry, literature, Buddhism, and refined art.
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In 800 CE, Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III. This showed a strong bond between the Church and the ruler. Charlemagne helped unite Western Europe and spread Christianity, bringing back the idea of a Roman Empire in the West.
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Regions became wealthier and could build up their resources.
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The Battle of Hastings took place on October 14, 1066, and was a decisive battle between the Norman forces led by William, Duke of Normandy, and the English army of King Harold Godwinson. The Normans won, leading to the death of King Harold and the Norman Conquest of England.
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The Minamoto Shogunate (1185–1333) established military rule in Japan, centralizing power under the shogun and diminishing imperial authority.
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The Late Middle Ages saw the end of the great growth and wealth of the High Middle Ages. Famines and plagues such as the Black Death killed millions of people. Poor people began to revolt against the unfair laws and conditions they had to put up with such as in the Peasants Revolt of 1831 in England,
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In 1215, King John of England was forced by his nobles to sign the Magna Carta. This important document limited the king’s power and gave certain rights to the nobles, like protection from unfair taxes and the right to a fair trial. It was the first time a king had to follow the law, and it helped inspire ideas of justice and freedom in later years. -
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The Ashikaga Shogunate (1336–1573) ruled Japan during political instability, fostering arts, culture, and the rise of regional warlords.
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Gutenberg invented his mechanical movable-type printing press in Mainz, Germany, around the 1440s, with the perfected machine ready for commercial use by 1450. His significant innovations, such as the alloy for metal type and the technique for casting letters, led to the mass production of books like the Gutenberg Bible by 1455, marking a turning point in European history and the global spread of information
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