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The beginning of the stock market began crash in 1929. The market lost 11% of its value when it opened, but Wall Street workers were able to hold off the slide by investing in blue chip stocks. However, after this, on Black Monday ( 28 Oct) and Black Tuesday (Oct 29) the stock market fell further, beginning the Great Depression (Mr. A)
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The road to World War Two begins with the Great Depression and its aftermath continues through the Cold War.
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The Maginot Line (named after French Minister of War Andre Maginot) was a defense line of tank obstacles, machine gun posts and artillery casemates. It was constructed along the French borders to Germany and Italy. It was mainly used in the Battle of France (1940) and Operation Nordwind (1945). It had over 100 km of tunnels built, with many other shelters and defense mechanisms. (Valerie)
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(THE DATES ARE NOT CORRECT I COULD NOT FIND THE EXACT DATES BUT I FOUND THE YEARS) This concret and steel wall was erected between the border of Germany and France. The wall did not extend to the Belgian and French border where it should have because Germany invaded france through Belgium again.
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The Mukden Incident was a staged event by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for invading the northern part of China, in 1931. It is also known as Manchuria.
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Japan wanted to exand their empire in the same way countries in the West were and in 1931 invaded Manchuria and Eastern China and created a new state there called Manchuko. This was condemned by the League of Nations, however, Japan was not affected and withdrew from the League of Nations without consequences for their actions. (Natalie)
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Operation Torch was the invasion of French North Africa in World War II by the Brits and Americans. Under pressure from the USSR to take immediate action in Europe, Britain, followed by the US, decided instead to clear the Axis powers from Africa. The battles took place in what is now Morrocco and Algeria, and was an Allied victory. (Erika)
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President Hindenburg actually appointed Hitler as Chancellor.
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On March 23, 1933, President Hindenburg gives the President position over to Adolf Hitler, who then occupies both the chancellor position and president position
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Mussolini wanted to boost italian morale and gain the natural sources from the land. (AGAIN NOT THE RIGHT DAY BUT THE CORRECT YEAR)
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The Italian Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini invaded Ethiopia (Abyssinia) in October 1935. This was already the second Italo-Abyssinian War/Conflict. The Ethiopian troops held off the Italians for about 8 months, yet had to give in in May 1936, when the Italians captured Addis Ababa. Even though the Ethiopian King Hailee Selassie went to the League of Nations to ask for help, not sanctions or help ever came. (Valerie)
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Was a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang army. (Max)
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Hitler had his army parade through the streets to celelbrate the remilitarization fo the Rhineland after it was demilitarized by teh terms of the Versailles Treaty.
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The Spanish Civil War was caused by Jose Sanjurjo who supported the far right and tried to overthrow the government, however his attempt did not work very well, and once it was over, Francisco Franco began another war with the new government and was supported by Italy, Germany and Portugal and opposed by the Soviet Union and Mexico, Many people died during the war and hte Franco's Nationalists won in the end, (Natalie)
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Was an anti-Communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan on November 25, 1936 and was directed against the Communist International. (Max)
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The Bombing of Guernica occurred on April 26, 1937, during the Spanish Civil War. It was an aerial attack done by the German Luftwaffe "Condor Legion." It was a huge destruction and cost many civilian deaths. The Basque government reported 1,654 people killed, although recent studies lower the number of casualties to 126. The bombing was the subject of a famous anti-war painting of Pablo Picasso.
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Marco Polo Bridge Incident was a battle between Republic of China's National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army. (Max)
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This is a series of battles and guerilla tactics used by the Chinese and the Japanese to gain control over the chinese mainland.
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(YET AGAIN THE WRONG DAYS BUT THE RIGHT YEARS - yes, please change the days... Mr. A) Hitler not only took ove the Sudetenland but all of Czechoslovakia. this was at the same time that Chamberlain thought that Germany and Britian would not go to war.
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The Siegfried line was a defensive 'wall' consisting of bunkers, flak towers, tank traps, arms as well as other defensive tools spanning 360 km, from Kleve to the Netherlands, was built more for propoganda by Hitler than anything else. It was taken down, for the most part, in 1940, but reinstated after D-Day, in August 1944 when war did indeed break out on the Western Front. (Erika)
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Germany annexed Austria in part of Hitler's plans for Grossdeutschland, the union of all Gremany speaking people in one Germany, and gaining Lebensraum, living space, for Volksdeutcher, the ethnic Germans. It was supported by many Austrians who were glad when the Nazis arrived, however it was in violation of the Treaties of Versailles and Saint Germain and was not acted upon by the League of Nations. (Natalie)
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Organized by initiative of US President Roosevelt, representatives from 31 countries, 24 volunteer organizations and observers met to try and resolve the problem of mass-emigration by the Jews fleeing Nazi reign. While Hitler even agreed to aid the countries in assissting their leave, the conference was, in the end, considered a failure as the other countries decided not to take in the massive numbers of refugees, leaving the people to Hitler & Nazi persecution. (Erika)
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Britain and France signed this agreement to allow Germany to take over the Sudetenland.
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Case Green was the name of a military invasion, planned by Germany, into Czechoslovakia. The plan was created late 1937 and was continuously revised to suit Germany's (then) current situation. In the end, the attack was scheduled for September 28, 1938, but the attack was halted when France & Great Britain ceded the Sudetenland to Hitler as a result of the Munich conference. (Erika)
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The occupation of Sudetenland follwed the Munich Agreement, and was fulfilled in about 10 days. The expected euphoric welcome by Sudeten-Germans was not given to the Nazis invading. Hitler wanted to annex the Sudetenland in the first place, as a way to fulfill his idea of Grossdeutschland. (Valerie)
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He read out the agreement made by Hitler to Britsih people that Germany would not ever go to war with Britain. The agreemet was made at the Munich Agreement where Itailian, French, German, and British leaders were present.
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Also known as night of broken glass, when the SA soldiers destroyed jewish stores and houses. 91 Jews died.
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A German diplomat was assassinated by a Jew in Paris, and this led to violence against the Jews in Germany in Austria. Hitler and the Nazi Party allowed the protests to take place and did not stop people when they were breaking Jews' store windows and homes or beating them. Hundreds of Jews died, many after commiting suicide, and Synagogues were burned down. (Natalie)
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The Munich Agreement allowed Hitler to invade the Sudentenlands of Czechoslovakia where ethnic Germans lived, as long as that was the final territory that he occupied. However, Hitler did not stop after invading the Sudentenlands and continued further into Cazechoslovakia and took over the country. This violated the Munich Agreement, but Hitler was not punished and soon began to take over other countries. (Natalie)
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The pact was a non-aggression pact signed between Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union. Hitler wanted to invade Poland, but knew that this could cause war with France and Great Britain, and possibly the Soviet Union so he signed the non-agression he would not have to fight on two fronts.There was also a secret part of the pact that gave the Soviet Union Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithupania and part of Eastern Poland. Hitler later violated the pact and invaded the Soviet Union. (Natalie)
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Hitler and the Nazis invaded Poland after haveing already occupied many countries in Europe without a lot of resistance of consequence. Hitler had signed the non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union and was confident that he could win a war with France and Great Britain who had agreed to proect Poland, and declared war on Germany on 3 September. Germany took contol of Poland by 6 September and divided it with the Soviet Union. This event caused the first fighting of World War II. (Natalie)
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An early stage of World War II marked by a strong lack of military action on the part of the Western Allies- both sides had declared war, but no steps were taken by any Western power to launch a major land offensive attack.
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The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in WW2, running from 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945. The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U-boats and other warships of the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) and aircraft of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) against Allied merchant shipping. The convoys, coming mainly from North America and mainly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces.
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Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, and the Soviet Union invaded them 16 days later. This invasion ended on 6 October 1939 with the division and annexation of the Second Polish Republic by Germany and the Soviet Union.
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The Battle of Warsaw was fought between the Polish Warsaw Army and the German Army. It started with airial bombings by the Luftwaffe. On October 1, the Wehrmacht entered Warsaw and started a period of German Occupation until 1945. (Frank)
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The Russo-Finnish War, also called Winter War, began with a Soviet offensive on 30 November 1939—two months after the start of World War II and the Soviet invasion of Poland—and It ended on 13 March 1940 with the Moscow Peace Treaty. The League of Nations deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from the League on 14 December 1939.
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The Katyn Massacre was a mass execution of Poles by Soviet Secret Police between April and May 1940. The purpose was to execute all members of the Polish Officer Corps and Stalin agreed to it by signing an official document on March 5. 22,000 people are estimated to have been killed in the forest of Katyn, Russia. (Michelle)
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On the 9th of April, 1940, German forces invaded both Norway and Denmark, as part of what was called (as its code name) Operation Weserubung. The invasions were supposedly meant to protect the two countries from the openly-discussed French and British occupation of Norway, though Germany had several other reasons, including the occupation of several new harbors, secure the collection of iron ore from Sweden through the city of Narvik, and to reinforce the "German Empire" image. (Ruth)
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The German invasion of Denamrk took place on the same day as the invasion into Norway, however, the invasion of Denmark was over after only 6 hours. Though the Danish army was very small, it tookm on the German troops early in the morning, and both sides suffered casualties. However, later that day, the German ambassador to Denmark spoke the the Danish foreign minister, telling him that if the resistance did not cease immediately, the capital city of Copenhagen would be bombed. (Ruth)
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The Battle of France was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, beginning on 10 May 1940, which ended the Phony War. The battle consisted of two main operations: Fall Gelb (Case Yellow) and Fall rot (Case Red). The French government fled to Bordeaux. Paris was occupied on 14 June. On 22 June, the French surrendered, and an armistice was signed between France and Germany. For the Axis Powers, the campaign was a spectacular victory.
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Despite having declared itself neutral, Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on May 10, with the purposed of distracting the British and French and bringing them deeper into Belgium. The 'Battle of the Netherlands' lasted four days, until the Dutch surrendered, and was a part of Case Yellow. (Erika)
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Belgium too, had declared itself neutral but was invaded anyway (again) by Germany as part of the Case Yellow plan. The capital was captured on the 17th, and the King surrendered on the 28th, believing that waiting for the Allies would not work. (Erika)
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The first phase of the German invasion of France, in which the German army pushed their way the forest region of Ardennes, to surround the Allied forces in Belgium. During this operation a large amount of French and British troops were pushed out of their places in Dunkirk, France. (Ruth)
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It was the evacuation of allied soldiers from the beaches of Durkirk in France. They got evacuated because the French, Belgian and British were cut off by the Germans during WWII.
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On the 5th of June, 1940, German forces made their way through the French line of forces surrounding their borders with Germany and Italy (called the Maginot Line) and pushed deep into french territory. Later, on the 10th of June, Itlay declared war on France and the French government fled to Bordeaux. Only a few days later, on the 14th of June, Paris was occupied. (Ruth)
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It included campaigns which fought in the Lybian and Egyptian Deserts. Was also fought between the allies and the axis powers. (Kathi)
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On June 16, 1940 the Soviet Union invaded Latvia and Estonia. Soviets delivered ultimatums to Estonia and Latvia. June 16, 1940 - The Soviet Union invaded Latvia and Estonia. Soviets delivered ultimatums to Estonia and Latvia. When World War II started in September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland, Latvia had already come under the Soviet sphere of influence in the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and its Secret Additional Protocol of August 1939. Latvia's sovereignty was restored in 1991.
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France surrendered to Germany on June 22, 1940 after Petain was given full power only 12 days previously, when the National Assembly had discussed the immenent defeat. The Vichy government was a puppet government of the Nazis, 'led' by Petain, 'President of the Council of the Third Republic', who was really just following his Nazi Superior's orders. (Erika)
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The Battle of Britain, which took its name from a speech given by Winston Churchill, began on the 10th of July 1940, and continued over that summer and fall with an air campaign by the German Air Force to gain air power over the RAF in Britain. These battles strectched the air forces in Britain to the limit, and heavy losses were suffered, however, bombing of London did not begin until the beginnign of September. (Ruth)
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A World War II agreement between F. D. Roosevelt and Churchill. Known as the Destroyer Transfer Agreement, it ensured the US transfer to Britain of 50 much-needed destroyers in exchange for leases of bases in British possessions in the West Indies, New-foundland, and British Guiana. Being of World War I design, the destroyers became surplus to British requirements during the war, but in the early and critical stage of World War II they were an invaluable supplement to available escort vessels.
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The Blitz was the sustained Nazi German bombings of Britain and Northern Ireland, which in London alone destroyed more than one million homes. Nearly 40,000 people were killed, more than half in London. However awful as its results were, the Blitz did not produce the desired German goal, as British production was not seriously hampered, and the bombings did not allow Operation Sea Lion-the planned German invasion of Britain- to take place. (Ruth)
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Was Germany's plan to invade the United Kingdom during the Second World War, beginning in 1940.
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The Tripartite Pact, also referred to as the Axis Pact, established the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan, in WW2. It was signed in Berlin. (Michelle)
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It was a propaganda slogan said by the US president Franklin D. Roosevelt which got delivered on a radio in December 29, 1940.
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The Lend-Lease Act was an agreement signed a year and a half after the outbreak of war in Europe, under which the United States provided military supplies to Great Britain, the Soviet Union, Free France, China, and other Allied nations. This providing lasted from 1941 to 1945 and effectively ended the United States' pretense of neutrality. All in all, a total of $50.1 billion worth of goods were shipped.
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It was an invasion and conquest of Greece by Germany. Greece was supported by the British Commonwealth forces. (Kathi)
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Over the course of the war, Tobruk, a port city in Libya, became the site of many confrontations between the Allies and the Axis. It was strategic because it had a naturally deep harbor that provided safety and it also had a large airfield. The Siege of Tobruk is an example of one of these confrontations. It was part of a Western Desert Campaign and ended in an Allied victory. (Michelle)
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Was a pact between the Empire of Japan and the Soviet Union signed on April 13, 1941, two years after the brief Soviet-Japanese Border War. (Max)
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Rudolf Hess took off with his plane equipped with drop tanks from Darmstadt towards the Scottisch Shetland islands. He was detected by British military radar and followed by an RAF Defiant nightfighter. Hess parachuted and hurt his ankle upon landing at Eaglesham. He was soon captured by British military. It was later discovered that he was actually on a peace mission to create diplomatic peace between Germany and Great Britain. (Clari)
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Was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that began on 22 June 1941. (Max)
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The attack of Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack of the navalbase Pearl Harbor, Hawaii by Japan (against the US). The attack was meant to prevent the US fleet from interfering with Japan's actions in Southeast Asia against the overseas areas of the Netherlands, Great Britain and the US. It led to the US entry into WWII on the Pacific and European fronts and the US to declare war on Japan and Germany and Italy to declare war on the US. There were about 2,500 total casualties. (Clari)
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Nicknamed Arcadia conference, when Roosevelt and Churchill agree a war strategy against Germany.
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The Bataan Death March was the forced movement of 76,000 American and Filipino prisoners by Japan after the three month long Battle of Bataan in the Philippines. The walk was 128 km long and very abusive and murderous to the prisoners. It ended up being a war crime. The prisoners had to be removed from the Bataan Peninsula to prepare for the Japanese Sige of the Corregidor. (Clari)
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(The days above do not exactly correspond, althought the years do.) The Atlantic wall was a 3,000 mile defence and fortification system, consisting of thousands of concrete bunkers armed with machine guns, distant battle batteries, and mortars, built for Nazi Germany, intended to protect themselves from Allied invasions via sea. There were also millions of mines, and obstacles indended to damage approaching ships. (Erika)
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The Doolittle Raid was the first US air raid on Japan of WWII. With this raid, the US was trying to show Japan that it wasn't weak after the Pearl Harbor attack. The attack was planned by Lieutenant Colonel Doolittle. The air raid raised war morale in the US after the Pearl Harbor attack. There were about 70 casualties in total. (Clari)
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The Battle of Midway was the most decisive single naval battle in US history. After having so little success for the efforts until the Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway was finally a day with significant results for the US.They sunk four large Japanese Carriers. (Erin)
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El Alamein is a city located in North Africa, in Egypt. Two important battles took place there; the First and Second Battle of El Alamein. The first was between 1 July and 27 July. The Allies were able to halt the Axis' advance on Alexandria. The second battle was between 23 October and 4 November. This battle was a definite victory for the Allies as they were able to push the Axis all the way to Tunisia. (Michelle)
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This was the first major attack by the allies on Japan of WWII. It took place on the Pacific front (on the island of Guadalcanal). The allies wanted to use Gaudalcanal and the islands around it to capture the Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain. Japan was overwhelmed by the allied strategies. After three land battles, seven naval battles and continuous aerial battles, Japan surrendered to the allies. (Clari)
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The Casablance Conference was a conference held between the Allies (France, GB, USA) to plan a strategie against the Nazis.
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The Fourth Enemy Offensive, codenamed Fall Weiss (Case White), was a combined Axis strategic offensive launched on the Partisan-held areas in western Bosnia and parts of central Croatia. It is one of the most significant confrontations of the Yugoslav National Liberation War (a theater of World War II). The offensive took place in early 1943, between 20 January and mid to late March 1943.
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This rebellion was staged by Jews living in the Jewish Ghetto in Warsaw in response to the Nazi German occupation of Warsaw and their desire to send the remaining Jewish population of the ghetto to the Treblinka extermination camp. The Jewish resistance was quickly crushed by German troops commanded by Stroop. However, this was the largest Jewish revolt of the Holocaust. (Clari)
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Sicily was invaded by the Allies on July 9 1943, It was a large scale attack that ended in an Allied victory. Ultimately, it began the Italian Campaign, intended to take Italy out of the war. (Michelle)
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Took place when German and Soviet forces confronted each other on the Eastern Front during World War II in the vicinity of the city of Kursk, in the Soviet Union in July and August 1943. (Max)
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The allies landed in, Italy on Sep/3/1943. They were able to invade Sicily during the Italian Campain but the main part of the invasion called Operation Avalanch, was around Salerno on the western coast of Italy. There were also 2 other operations supporting Operation Avalanch. The invasion lasted until Sep/16/1943. Arianna Bisagni
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Monte Cassino is a rocky hill in Italy. Between January 17 and May 18 1944 it was the site of the Battle of Monte Cassino. The Battle was actually a series of four battles. It was fought by the Allies against the Germans and Italians because the Allies wanted to seize Rome. The Allies were victorious. (Michelle)
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Anzio is a city on the coast of Italy. The allies landed there on January 22 1944 and began the Battle of Anzio. It was part of the Italian Campaign. (Michelle)
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The Normandy Landings, an allied invasion of Normandy, France, began on June 6th 1944. The invasion was the largest amphibious (able to operate on land and sea) invasion in world history. (Michelle)
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This battle was a major naval victory for the Americans over the Japanese Navy. This Battle basically neutralized Japan's ability to exectute large maneuvers with their aircraft carriers. The Americans suffered much less casualties compared to the Japanese. (Neil)
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It was an assassination attempt to kill Hitler in his Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg on the 20th July 1944. A bomb in a briefcase was set under a table were a meeting was held. It went off, but Hitler survived the assassination attempt. (Frank)
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This rebellion was planned and followed through by the Polish resistance Home Army in order to free Warsaw from Nazi Germany. The rebellion was planned to take place at the same time as the Soviet Union's Red Army arrival in the east of the city and therefore also the German forces' retreat. However, the Red Army stopped on their way there, giving the German army a chance to regroup, leading to sixty-three (63) days of fighting and the German army's victory and the destruction of Warsaw. (Clari)
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Was an unsuccessful Allied military operation, fought in the Netherlands and Germany in the Second World War. It was the largest airborne operation up to that time. (Max)
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This battle, also previously known as the Second battle of the Phillipine Sea, was what some sources say the largest naval battle in military history. It ended in an Allied victory.This was the first time the Japanese utilized kamikazee attacks, but still it ended in their defeat. (Neil).
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The Battle of the Bulge, fought in Belgium, France, and Luxembourg, was the last major offensive of the Nazis against the Allies in WW2. Hitler intended to break up the alliance between the Americans, the British, and the French, but he was unable to as the Germans lost. (Michelle)
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In the World War Two Battle of the Bulge, eighty-four (84) Americans prisoners of war were murdered by their German captors. The murderers were members of the Kampgruppe Peiper, which was a combat unit of the First SS Panzer Division. The massacre was later evaluated in the Dachau trials of 1946. (Clari)
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The siege of Bufdapest happened in the capital city Budapest. Budapest, defended by Hungarian and German troops, was sorrounded on 29 December 1944 by the Red Army and the Romanian Army. Was one of the bloodiest campaigns of the second World War. (Frank)
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This battle took place from the 1st of April to the 21st of June, and involced the Allies and the Japansese. This battle was considered the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Front during World War Two. Amphibious warfare meant ships landing soldiers onto land, like in D-Day. This was a major victory for the ALlies, as it pushed Allies into Japanese soil. This battle took place in the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa. (Neil)
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It was launched by the Soviet 3rd Ukrainian Front in order to capture Vienna. It lasted from the 2nd of April to the 13th of April. Soviet troops approached Vienna from the south and later went on to Graz and Linz. (Frank)
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The Battle of Berlin was the final major offensive of the European Theatre of World War II. Soviet troops marched in and attacked Berlin from East and South until it fell. Berlin finally surrendered on the 2nd of May.After the battle, Soviet soldiers hoisted the Soviet flag on the balcony of the Hotel Adlon in Berlin. (Frank)
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On the 28th of April, Benito Mussolini, along with his wife and 15-man train of the Italian Social Republic, was executed in Giulino di Mezzegra by Communists. (Frank)
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Hitler commits suicide after the allies were pushing Germany back. He kills his dog first, He shoots himself and his wife, Eva, takes a pill to kill herself. (David)
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Nuclear bombing in Hiroshima ordered by the US President Harry Truman. It had casualties up to 140,000. Made Japan surrender to the Allies.
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Nuclear bombing of Nagasaki ordered by US President Harry Truman. Led the Japanese to surrender to the Allies, and had casualties up to 800,000. One reason for being bombed was as revenge for Pearl Harbor, another was to show how powerful their were, and they decided to use the Japanese as guinea pigs. (Frank)
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On this date Japan signed a surrender document signifying Japan's surrender, which effectively ended the Second World War. This date is commemorated on the 2nd of September in the US, as this was when the document was signed, however the UK commemorates it on the 15th of August, when Japan first declared their surrender. (Neil)
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The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunes which tried about 24 of the Naziprominence, although the main key players (Hitler, Goebbels & Himmler) had commited suicide before the initiation of the trials. The tribunes were held in Nuremberg (Bavaria) in the Palace of Justice, and two of the most significant trials were the Trials of the Major War Criminals and the International Military Tribune. (Valerie)
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The final of 13 War Crimes Trials came to an end on 13 April 1949. The first set of trials, known as the "Trial of the Major War Criminals" (Goering, Hess, Ribbentrop...) were the only trials held in front of the Allied International Military Tribunal. The subsequent trials were convened by the US Military (Mr. A).
