-
Nov 22, 1500
First occupants
The Iroquois had a matriarch society so decision making was done by the women. The Algonquins had a patriarch society so decision making was done by the men. -
Period: Nov 22, 1500 to
Official power and countervailing power
-
Life in New France
Settlers had happy lives but it was hard work. Everyday, tasks were to be done: caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools, preparing for winter. Because New France was not really developing settlers took care of themselves. Life was different from France where you had the rich and the poor. In New France the people were very autonomous and by 1760 grew to become a distinct set of people called Canadien. -
Royal Government
The King and Minister of Marine would stay in France and the rest lived in New France. Governor, commander of army, defense, dealt with external affairs. Intendant, chief administrator, controlled budget, collecting taxes, justice, seigniorial system, built roads, set up industries Bishop, administered hospitals, schools, charities. The captain of militia was like the chief of police. Dealt with problems on seigneuries. -
Articles of capitulation
When the british took over, they made rules as to what would happen:- The French Militia could return home, no one would lose their property.
- The French Regular military would lay down their arms and leave.
- The french people can continue to follow the roman catholic religion, however, the bishop had to leave.
- The people who stayed would become British Subjects.
-
Difficulties of the first govorners
James Murray found the Royal Proclamation unworkable since only 1% of the population of Quebec was english and protestant. To make the rest of the population happy, he bent the rules. 1.He allowed a new Bishop. 2.He allowed French laws in the lower courts. 3.He did not call an elected assembly because it would favor the English Merchants. -
Royal Proclamation
When the british took over New France, they put a constitution in place to control the francophone british subjects. 1- The colonie was now called the province of Quebec.
2- It shrinks the size of the colonie.
3- Put in place a new form of government.
4- English Criminal and Civil laws were applied.
5- Unused land would be divided by the Township System
6-No new Bishops would be allowed
7-No Roman Catholics could hold public office. -
Quebec Act
To ensure french canadian loyalty, the british put the Quebec Act into place. The Quebec Act: -Enlarged the area of Quebec -Denied an elected assembly -Appointed a council. -French civil laws, tithe and the seigniorial system were brought back. -The Test Act Oathà Test Oath of Allegiance (swear to king you’re loyal, and could hold office) These factors made the 13 colonies angry. -
Loyalists
When the 13 colonies gained their independance from England, some people were still loyal. Those people moved to other british colonies. 36,000 loyalists came to Canada (Most settled in the Maritimes)
6,000 loyalists came to Quebec (Most settled West of Montreal)
The English population of Quebec had a sudden increase 1% to 10% -
Constitutional Act
Canada was split up into Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Lower Canada was almost entirely French. Upper Canada was entirely English. In Lower Canada the French kept their religion and civil laws. In Upper Canada, they were Protestants and would use the township system. English Civil laws applied. -
Faults in representative government
-Legislative Assembly had the power to make laws, but they were never put into place because of veto power. -The two sides had different interests: The wealthy higher ups wanted to invest money and tax property and the legislative assembly didn't want to invest in things that wouldn't benefit them. -This was worse in lower canada where the higher-ups were anglophone and the legislative assembly were mainly francophone. -
Tensions in the colonies
The Constitutional act had established representative government but those who could be elected held no real power. By the 1830’s two distinct groups have formed British Party (Chateau Cliques, Tories): Controlled the councils, spent money on public works. Parti Canadian (Parti Patriote): Controlled the assembly, power over taxes -
Durham's recommendatios
-Britain should increase immigration in order to assimilate the French.
-The two Canada’s should be united since the english were now majority.
-Responsible Government should be granted to eliminate veto power. -
Act of Union
- Creates the Province of Canada consisting of Canada East and West.
- Canada east and west each had 42 members in its assembly
- The governor still had veto power
- Canada east and west would equally pay for Canada’s debts even though canada west had most of it.
-
The conferences
In 1864 different british colonies got together in Charlottetown to discuss if they would like to form a country. Later that year, the same colonies plus Newfoundland got together again in Quebec city to discuss the first constitution of this country. They came up with the 72 resolutions to make it possible. And finally, the london conference finalised the creation of this country and the dominion of Canada was formed in 1867. -
Maurice Duplessis
Maurice Duplessis was the premier of Quebec in the late 1940's and 50's after the second world war. His ideas were very non-interventionist. He strongly encouraged the church and didn't get very involved with private companies. He electrified the rural areas and made agriculture are main economic source. He also created the Quebec flag. -
Relations between feminist movements and the state.
1961: election of the first woman to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. 1964: End of the legal incapacity of married women. 1965: Creation of the Federation des femmes du Quebec. 1996: law on pay equity is adopted. -
Bill 101
Bill 101 was a law adopted in Quebec in 1977. This law was meant for the prioritisation of the french language. So much so, that it was deemed illegal and had to be changed. Only French signs were allowed in public spaces, only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to English schools. (these laws were later bent) -
Recent Native problems
In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to 9 more holes on their territory. This lasted 78 days, however there were still issues afterwards. The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues. These issues were dealt with by the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement, the repatriation of the Constitution, The Peace of the Brave. -
Relations between natives and europeans
The french allied with the Algonquins and Hurons.
The british allied with the iroquois.
The hurons were destroyed by the iroquois so they were forced to hunt furs themselves.
The job of the coureur du bois was created to get the furs needed. -
The Great peace of Montreal
The Great Peace of Montreal was a peace treaty between New France and 40 First Nations of North America. It was signed on August 4, 1701, by Louis-Hector de Callière, governor of New France, and 1300 representatives of 40 aboriginal nations.
