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Power

By Belitz33
  • 1500

    First occupants

    First occupants
    Amerindians don’t have a countervailing power. Their ideology is the same, they try to stay with nature.

  • French Regime

    French Regime
    • Who holds the power in France?
      The King of France
    • Who are the countervailing powers of France?
      The British, the Church, capitalism
    • Who holds the power in New France?
      Nobody really, Samuel de Champlain or Company of 100 associates
    • Who are the countervailing powers of New France?
      Aboriginals, 13 colonies

  • Royal government (absolutism)

    Royal government (absolutism)
    After the chartered companies period (1608-1663), the French monarchy took back control of its American colonies. The young King Louis XIV set to making his kingdom absolutist. From 1663 to 1760, Canada lived under the Royal Administration.

  • Power of the State

    Power of the State
    • Governor: Highest rank in the colony, commander of the army, defense, deals with external affairs (English and Natives)
    • Intendant: Most influential person, chief administrator, controlled budget, collecting taxes, seigneurial system, built roads, set up industries
    • Sovereign Council: The colony’s high court: Included the governor, bishop, intendant and several councillors
    • Bishop: Administered over the Parish, Priests, hospitals, schools, charities

  • Great Piece of Montreal

    Great Piece of Montreal
    40 aboriginal nations agreed to consider the king of france their father and allowed the governor general to resolve their disputes and help France in wars.

  • Relations between the French and Amerindians

    Relations between the French and Amerindians
    • French allies with Hurons & Montagnais (Innu)
    • Looking for control over the fur trade
    • “Petite guerre” → guerilla warfare
    • Great Piece of Montreal

  • British Rule

    British Rule
    • End of the war of Spanish Succession -Treaty of Utrecht
    • Britain gets control of the Hudson’s Bay area, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland from France.

  • 7 Years war and the Articles of capitulation

    7 Years war and the Articles of capitulation
    -The 7 years war in Europe broke out in the colonies as well (1756-1763)
    -France focuses its efforts in Europe so NF is right to defend itself
    -Wolfe (British general) and Montcalm (French general) duke it out… we know the English won so the rest is history
    -Plains of Abraham: British found a passage that would allow
    them to get their troops on mainland - French caught off guard,
    and eventually

  • Treaty of Paris

    Treaty of Paris
    • New France ceded to the King of England except St.Pierre and Miquelon
    • The King needed something to control the French population → Royal Proclamation (the rules)

  • Royal Proclamation

    Royal Proclamation
    • After Quebec capitulates, the colony comes under British military rule until the 7 year war ends.
    • Renames the colony The Province of Quebec
    • Decreases the borders to around the St. Lawrence Valley
    • Civilian government - King appointed a governor who appointed members to the council
    • English criminal and civil law were applied
    • No new Bishop would be allowed
    • No Roman catholics could hold office (Test Act)

  • Quebec Act

    Quebec Act
    • Remember: American Revolution is happening → Fear that the French will join the 13 colonies rebellion -Guaranteed French Canadian Loyalty -Enlarged the area of Quebec to include the Great Lakes once again
    • Still denied an elected assembly
    • Did allow for any appointed council
    • French civil laws were reinstalled
    • Test Oath Act replaced with an Oath of Allegiance (Loyal to King = Hold Office)

  • Effect of the loyalists

    Effect of the loyalists
    • English population of Quebec goes from 1% to 10%
    • Settled the land using townships instead of seigneuries
    • The loyalists were used to: - English civil laws (not french civil laws used in Quebec) - Elected assemblies (none in Quebec at the time) - Petitioned London to demand changes to the way Quebec was being run

  • America comes to fruition

    America comes to fruition
    • After the American war of independence, many people remain loyal to the King of Britain and do not want to remain in America. Where do they go?
    • The only British colony left is Canada -36 000 loyalists came to Canada
    • Settled in the maritimes or around the great lakes -6000 loyalists came to Quebec

  • Constitutional Act (representative government)

    Constitutional Act (representative government)
    • The Constitutional act brings in a change in government:
      • Representative government
      • Governor General - help vito power
      • Lieutenant Governor - acted as a deputy governor
      • Executive council - Appointed by the Governor to advise him
      • Legislative council - also appointed, approve or reject laws from the assembly.
        • Legislative assembly - people elected every 4 years. Had the power to approve or disapprove taxes. They also had the right to create laws.

  • Constitutional Act

    Constitutional Act
    • Quebec split up! The Ottawa river was used as the boundary between the two canada
    • Upper Canada → roughly 20 000 people
    • Entirely English
    • Protestant, township system, English civil laws
    • Lower Canada → roughly 160 000 people
    • Mostly French people (remember the 10% loyalists and merchants)
    • Kept their catholic religion, civil laws and now francophones could work in the administration of Lower Canada

  • Faults in the Representative Government

    Faults in the Representative Government
    → Legislative Assembly had the power to make laws but were more often than not shut down by the Governor and council's right to veto
    → The L.A. and Governor had different interests
    - The wealthy wanted to invest into big business and tax property so they could build canals and railways
    - The L.A. wanted to tax goods, NOT property and didn’t want to invest into large projects that would not benefit them.

  • 92 Resolutions

    92 Resolutions
    • Louis Joseph Papineau (a lawyer and a seigneur), the leader of the Parti Patriote, wrote a letter containing the demands of the assembly in 1834
    • The main demand was for Responsible Government → members on the council should be chosen from the elected assembly, therefore the government made up by the people would be responsible for its decisions
    • Papineau’s document was sent to London to be reviewed

  • Russell's 10 Resolutions

    Russell's 10 Resolutions
    • You write the King/Government back in Britain with a list of 92 demands… what do you think is going to happen?
    • They reject the request for an elected council
    • Instead of gaining power, the elected assembly actually lost some power
    • The governor, Lord Gosford, now had the power to take money from the provincial treasury to pay the officials in the colony
    • This really upsets the Patriots and this begins the demonstrations that eventually lead to the rebellions

  • Results of the Act of Union

    Results of the Act of Union
    The structure of Responsible Government:
    - The people would now elect the Legislative Assembly (Parliament)
    - The Prime minister (head of the party with the most voted) would form the cabinet (Executive council) who would propose laws that had to be approved through the assembly
    - The Governor and the Legislative council were still appointed but did not intervene even though pressured to do so (rich eng. merchants).

  • Charlottetown Conference

    Charlottetown Conference
    Province of Canada meets in NB, NS & PEI to discuss the terms of merger. Agree to meet again.

  • Quebec Conference

    Quebec Conference
    Same provinces and NFLD, 72 resolutions that would make a merger possible. Main ones: Federal system 24 seats to each colony, "rep by pop" and a railway linking the provinces

  • London Conference

    London Conference
    New self governing entity created under the BNA act: Dominion of Canada with it's capital in Ottawa. Province of Canada becomes On & QC joined by NB and NS. Other provinces join eventually

  • Conscription Crisis

    Conscription Crisis
    French nationalists (such as Henri Bourassa) criticized Canada's involvement in UK wars and voted against conscription (mandatory enlisting to the army). 40 000 french Canadians refused to show up.

  • The Quiet Revolution (1960-1970)

    The Quiet Revolution (1960-1970)
    Driven by cultural and political assertion of Quebecers and the desire for a government with a more interventionist role. Jean Lesage was a lawyer and a federal politician for 4 terms in the Federal Parliament with the Liberals and later ran for head of the Quebec liberal party when the conservatives ousted Mackenzie King's federal Liberals in 1958.

  • FLQ and the October Crisis

    FLQ and the October Crisis
    • The "October Crisis" occurred. FLQ kidnapped James Cross (British Diplomat) and Pierre Laporte (Journalist)
    • The Prime Minister Trudeau used the war measures act to call out the army, and hundreds of the FLQ members are arrested
    • Laporte's body is found in the trunk of his car, Cross is realeased