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Agriculture, Semi-permanent houses (depending on the land fertility), Matriarchy
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No agriculture, only hunting, fishing, and gathering. Nomadic society. Patriarchy
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Explored and mapped the Gulf of Saint-Lawrence.
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Sailed up the Saint-Lawrence and reached Stadacona (Quebec City)
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Attempted to set up a colony, non successful. Missionairies tried to convert the Natives.
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The king sent a voyage (including Samuel de Champlain) in 1605 to establish a settlement in Nova Scotia called Port Royal. The settlement failed due to position.
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Champlain returns to establish a trading post near Stadacona (Quebec City)
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Laviolette founded Trois-Rivières in 1634
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Maisonneuve establishes Ville-Marie (Montreal) and becomes the first governor.
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King Louis the 14th takes control of France and he ends mercantilism in his colonies.
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Governor: Boss of the colony
Bishop: Head of religion
Intendant: Administrates the people
Sovereign Council: The 3 leaders got together to make decisions.
First governent -
Marks the end of the second intercolonial war.
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During this time, there are wars in both North America and Europe. The British have been trying for years to take New France and end up taking control of it in 1760 after the capitulation of Montreal.
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The battle on the plains of Abraham ends in the English taking over Quebec in 1759 and the next year (1760) the French capitulate Montreal, so the English completely take over New France. The articles of capitulation stated that the French militia would receive no punishment and was allowed to return home; the French military had to drop their arms and return to France; and the people could still practice the Roman Catholic religion but the Bishop had to leave.
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Treaty of Paris marks the end of the Seven Years War. All the territory possesed by the French was given to the King of England except for the islands St. Pierre and Miquelon.
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The Royal Proclamation was the constitution put in place by the King to assimilate the French. It changed the name of New France to the Province of Quebec and made the colony smaller. The King appointed a Governor who appointed an Executive council to help him run the colony. English criminal and civil laws we applied.
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Enlarges area of Quebec, denies an elected assembly, appoints a council with atleast 17 French members, French civil laws are reinstated, the tithe and seignorial system are back.
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The Americans wanted the French-Canadians to help them but they said no because of the Quebec Act which benifited them. This made them angry so they attacked the Province of Quebec multiple times. They defeat the British in Yorktown in 1781.
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The Treaty of Versailles is the peace treaty signed after the American Revolution where Great Britain recognized the United States of America as an independant country.
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Along with the Treaty of Versailles, the Loyalists (people from the 13 colonies that were still loyal to the King) immigrated to the Province of Quebec and the Maritimes because they were no longer welcome in the United States of America.
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The new government system in Upper and Lower Canada.
-Governor: Appointed by British Parliament, commanded forces, in charge of administration, called assemblies into session, and had veto power.
-Lieutenant Governor: Deputy governor.
-Executive Council: Appointed by Governor, and advised him.
-Legislative Council: Appointed by Governor, accepted and refused proposed laws.
-Legislative Assembly: Elected by population and proposed laws. Also voted taxes. -
Seperated the Province of Quebec into 2 parts: Upper Canada (mostly English) and Lower Canada (mostly French). Lower Canada had french laws and land division, Upper Canada had english laws and land division.
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James Watt invented steam power in 1802 which led to the development of boats and early trains which helped transport goods. The first trains were built in Britain in 1814 and brought to Canada in 1819.
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In 1807, the timber trade replaced the fur trade as the main export because Great Britain needed wood to make their boats.
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British were upset about losing their colonies to the south.
British navy blocked off the trades between the Americans and the French; they took the American boats and men that they caught.
Since they were mad, the Americans attempted badly organized attacks on the Canadian settlements but they failed.
French Canadian militia and British military retaliated and attacked American towns. Results of the war: Ended in a stalemate, Canadian economy boosted, Canadians feared American expansion -
Around 1815, a lot of Irish people were coming to Canada due to the Irish Potato Famine happening in Ireland. This caused the population of both Canada's to skyrocket between 1791 and 1861.
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The leader of the Patriotes, Louis-Joseph Papineau, sent these 92 resolutions to the King of Great Britain demanding a responsible goverment among other things. As a response, Lord John Russell sent the 10 resolutions, which had nothing to do with the 92 resolutions and basically rejecting everything that the Patriotes proposed. This angered the Patriotes and led to the beginning of the rebellions.
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The first railway was built in 1836 to help facilitate the transportation of goods
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After the rebellions of the Patriotes, Lord Durham was sent by the King to the Canadas to analyse the situation. He concluded that the Canadas should be united, that responsible government should be put in place, and that immigration should be increased to assimilate the French
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Following Lord Durham's Recommendations, that Act of Union was put in place. This constitution combined Canada East and Canada West, to make the Province of Canada, and it gave both Canadas 42 seats each at the assembly. The governor still had veto power and control.
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The responsible goverment basically allowed people to vote for the legislative assembly.
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Removed customs/duties between Canada and the US to allow for more trading between them. Lasted 10 years. This happened because Britain removed its preferential treatment with Canada and established free trade.
